Geology----Stratigraphy and Sedimentation Article

Geology----Stratigraphy and Sedimentation - Article Example Two pertinent events have been intricately discussed. These are namely the episodic events and the continuous events. By definition, the episodic events are used in reference to those that become eminent in a matter of hours or days. It is important to reiterate that their effects are distinct and pertinent to this research. On the other hand, Continuous events are differentiated by the fact that they spread over months, years or even decades. Evidently, field mapping and reference chronology were succinctly applied in the analysis process. The tree ring method is a pertinent component in geomorphology. This is evident in its multiple applications such as assistance in comprehension ofthe geomorphic processes, the consequent frequency and events. Further to this, the annual precision will also aid in predicting floods and other events in future so as to avert the damages caused by the same. Previous research has revealed that the flood rings in 1826 and 1850. In this regard, it was e stablished that the tree with flood rings were proportionate to the discharge. The primary trees that were subject to the sampling procedure were those identified as are mainly affected by the geomorphic processes. These included trees growing near river banks, trees growing on the edges of gullies and avalanche paths and trees growing right on the sediment plants. In conclusion,the overall relevance of the tree ring method as far geomorphology is concerned includes; ascertaining the magnitude and frequency of events, providing an annual precision; the tree rings are pertinent as far as predicting continuous and episodic processes; as well as delineating the spatial location affected by a process. Howard and Blakey have done a commendable job in relating their observations and interpretations. The data provided is enough for all the facies interpretation. Their interpretation of fluvial channel mobility in relation with the geometry of sandstone bodies is correct and there

Mussoliniss Foreign Policy Essay Example for Free

Mussoliniss Foreign Policy Essay How consistent was Italian foreign policy between 1922 and 1943? Mussolinis main aim through foreign policy was to exalt Italys pride, which was seen severely deteriorated after the First World War. By the statement My objective is simple. I want to make Italy great, respected and feared Mussolinis objectives are clearly can be clearly deduced. However, historians still disagree over Mussolinis conduct of foreign affairs, in the years between his assumption of the premiership and the conquest of Ethiopia in 1935-6. Some support the view, once he acquired strong dominance on the communists, that the imperialism of 1930s was the unplanned response to domestic problems of a dictator whose main concerns where the internal consolidation of his regime. More recently, however, the balance of opinion has tended towards the belief in the underlying consistency of Mussolinis foreign policy. Mussolinis foreign policy operates along fairly well-worn paths, and his main areas of interest remained the Mediterranean, Africa and the Balkans Mussolinis foreign policy operates along fairly well-worn paths, and his main areas of interest remained the Mediterranean, Africa and the Balkans. As these two aims were, to some extent achieved during the 1920s, Iitalian foreign policy became increasingly expansionist in the 1930s, aiming not only to control the Mediterranean but as well, the African Empire. In the course of 1922-3 the weakness of Italys position became all too clear to Mussolini. He first failed to gain any substantial concessions in Africa or in the middle East from Britain and France when, at the Lausane, the negotiated a new peaceful treaty with Mustapha Kemal after his successful resistance would avoid the Treaty of Sevrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s to be applied on Turkey. Secondly, he was also unsuccessful in exploiting in the interests of Italy the international crisis caused by the French occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923. Mussolini changed his role from mediator between France and Britain, who opposed the occupation, to opponent of at one point of a potentially anti-British building bloc, composed of the main Continental States. He was mistrusted by both, London and Paris and was set aside from the European stage. The incident in Corfu, in 1923 gave Mussolini the reputation of being a dangerous firebrand. In 1923 Mussolini seized the chance to occupy Corfu, a strategically important island guarding the Southern entrance into the Adriatic, given that the Greek government seemed to refuse to pay the 50 million lira compensation they asked for the assassination of an Italian general and his staff, who were mapping out for an international inter-allied Commission the new Greek- Albanian frontier on Greek territory. Mussolini not only rejected the Leagues intervention but began to build a military base in the island. The incident was celebrated as a great success for Mussolini however, in reality it was a diplomatic defeat for Mussolini, since he had been forced to leave Corfu by Anglo-French pressure. However, Mussolini felt obliged into adopting a more conventional foreign policy. Mussolini could not run the risk of isolating Italy from the rest of Europe, therefore seeked for to establishing closer relationships with Britain and France. Mussolini, in order to maintain an independent state, cultivated the friendship of Austria and Hungary and in 1930 a similar treaty with similar treaty with Austria. Relations with Austria became ever closer after Hitler came to power in Germany after Hitler came to power in Germany and Mussolini provided the arms and money for the Austrian chancellors private army. In 1924 the Pact of Rome was signed with Yugoslavia, by which Italy received the long-disputed town of Fiume, though a part of it, Susak, went to Yugoslavia, along with port Barros. Two treaties with Alabania were signed in 1926 and 1927, firmly established Italian influence in Albania. This marked the first stage in Mussolinis efforts to establish Italy in the Balkans where Czechoslovakia, Roumania and Yugoslavia were tied to France, Italys like enemy, ver closely. During the 1920 Mussolini realised that he needed the friendship of France and Britain in view that he could not yet attempt to have the Versailles treaty revised in his favour. He went to Locarno thus in 1925 he went to Locarno and signed the treaties which guaranteed the frontiers between France and Germany, as well as the ones between Belgium and Germany, and in 1928 he signed. In particular, he drew closer to Britain, and though he privately resolved to end British power in the Mediterranean, he saw her as a possible friend in any future conflict. The frontier between Libya and Egypt was reached through an agreement, and there was a possibility of British aid for the railway building in East Africa. During the 1920 therefore, Italy remained a member of the League of Nations and acted as good citizen of Europe. Mussolinis foreign policy therefore followed a peaceful path. However, the peaceful pattern which Mussolinis foreign policy followed during the 20s was to be changed suddenly in the 30s, and thus also the slight consistency it had been following so far. This was mainly caused by Hitlers advent to power, what obviously altered things considerably. Mussolini saw the potential of a German alliance against Britain and France to revise the 1919 settlement; on the other hand he took care of having Germany too close. In April 1933 Goering and Papen visited Rome, however, all what Mussolini could achieve was German agreement to the Four Power Pact (between Italy, Germany, France and Britain) to keep peace in Europe, thus replacing the League. It was even signed actually by Germany and Italy (on 15 July 1933). A crucial meeting with Hitler took place in his visit to Venice in 1934. The meeting went bad unfortunately, since Mussolini refused to have an interpreter despite his German being very poor, so the meeting meant little to either. Things became worsened by the crisis following the death of Dollfuss a month later, so that Mussolini was far from being an ally of Hitler in 1934-5. Mussolini even attended the Stressa conference in April 1935, which was called by France, and in which it had to be considered what action to take in order to guarantee the independence of Austria. Italy joined to the declarations and protests, partly in genuine hostility to Germany, but mainly to avoid British and French hostility. In the 1920s the Italian empire was hardly promising. In Lybia, which was the territorially the heart of the Empire , but only some 2000 Italians had settled there and by 1930 it was costing over 500 million lire per annum, compared with 107 million in 1921. There were two smaller Italian colonies which looked more promising, for they bordered on to Ethiopia (Abyssinia), one of the few remaining independent kingdoms of Africa. Italy therefore took special interest in Abyssinia, sponsoring her membership on the League in 1923 and signing a treaty of friendship in 1928. However, in view that Haile Selassie (the ruler) did not intend to allow his country to be dominated by a modern power (signature of a treaty with Japan in 1930) Mussolini considered the possibility of war to force Abyssinia under Italian control. The clue incident which brought war about was the Ual Ual incident, in which the Italians claimed the right to use this oasis, which was located in the border of Abyssinia and Italian Somaliland, which was marked in the maps as being part of Abyssinia. Italians in Ual Ual were therefore murdered in the oasis in December 1934. Mussolini demanded an apology as well as compensation from Abyssinia, while the Abyssians claimed investigation from the League of Nations, and were pleased in May 1935. Mussolini made preparations for his attack, by either building up forces and sounding out the attitude of Britain and France. In June, Enden, on behalf of the British government offered the Abyssinians a corridor to the sea through British Somaliland if they gave Mussolini part of Ogaden, offer however rejected by Mussolini. In the summer Italian troops under generals de Bono and Graziani arrived at Eritrea. Mussolini continued to make noises about his intentions, feeling disastified by the League resolutions in which it established that neither part was to be blamed by the Ual Ual incident. Italians brought war about provided that the meeting the held with British and French, in which Italy was offered the opportunity to develop Abyssinia provided that the Abyssinians agreed, did not satisfied Mussolini, since he foreshadow that it would be unlikely to obtain such agreement. The conquest of Abyssinia was regarded as a major triumph in Italy, ranking alongside the Concordat of 1929. Mussolini had said the Italian character has to be formed through fighting, and he stuck at this idea definitely between the 30 and until the 40s, completely contrasting the peaceful means through which Mussolini had been able to achieve good foreign relationships, by the 1920s. When the Spanish civil war broke out Mussolini supported immediately Franco and the Nationalists by providing them with men and equipment, on the grounds that he could not allow a communist government to be formed in the Mediterranean. It deepened the rift between Italy and Britain and France, and aligned Mussolini more firmly with Germany. In 1936, exalting the new closeness between Italian-German relationships, the October Protocols were signed. Italy conceded German predominance in Austria, while Germany recognised the Italian empire in East Africa. Both governments agreed on the danger of Communism and the need to keep a careful watch on alleged British plans for encirclement. There was also to be close co-operation between the two powers in Spain. The axis however was not a formal treaty and Mussolini was by no means committed to German alliance. Mussolini, on his visit to Berlin in September 1937, seemed more convinced than ever that Nazism was an invincible force in Europe and Italy had no choice but to ally herself with it. He thus distanced himself further from Britain and France, and joined with Japan and Germany in the Anti-Comitern pact on November. In 1938 Italys weakness was underlined by the fact that neither Shuschnigg nor Hitler bothered to contact Rome, when the Anshluss was signed. Mussolini also was powerless to back Schuschnigg in his attempt to renounce the ultimatum for the Anshluss. . Mussolini was to pay the price for his break with Britain and France in 1935. Mussolini therefore decided to retake Italys traditional policy of equidistance between the Western powers and Berlin. By the Munich agreement Musolini could effectively stop Hitler plunging Europe into war before he judged Italy to be ready for it. It was a considerable diplomatic succes for Musolini and was praised as the man who saved the world. However, Italys policy of equidistance did not last for long. Since Mussolini decided a full military alliance with Germany, since he considered than a German alliance was intended to be more an instrument of diplomatic pressure than a prelude to war. Mussolinis Foreign policy was therefore inconsistent in the sense that Mussolini not only switched his ideas rather frequently (aiming first to align with the Four powers, and then switching to establish closer relations with Germany, and at the end again with Britain and France), but as well in terms of its degree of aggressiveness, since through the 1920s Mussolinis foreign policy can be said to had been quite peaceful (foreign affairs were mainly solved through Treaties and Agreements), switching in the 1930s to a more aggressive foreign policy with the advent of Hitler. Between the 1930s and 1940s he used war mongering (e.g. The Spanish Civil War, the Abyssinian incident, and the Corfu incident).

The Importance Of Software Engineering

The Importance Of Software Engineering The ticket distributor will include a touch screen for displaying instructions and inputting commands. The only other control will be a cancel button for aborting a transaction. The ticket distributor should be at most one and half meters tall so that the traveler can easily operate the ticket distributor i.e. the traveler can easily insert the request for the desired ticket and the money. If it is very tall it will be difficult to operate. So that the ticket distributor is available to the traveler at least 95% of the time. If one computer crashes the other twin can take over. Other than this two computer systems might also be used for dividing the tasks. One could manage the money transactions while the other one could take care of the GUI and providing the travelling options and the amount etc. This is because a touch screen system is more interactive and it also occupies less space. Plus all the functionality can be easily implemented using the touch screen so there is no requirement of a keypad or any such device. Question: Specify which of the following decisions were made during requirements or system design: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The ticket distributor is composed of a user interface subsystem, a subsystem for computing tariff, and a network subsystem managing communication with the central computer. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The ticket distributor will use PowerPC processor chips. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The ticket distributor provides the traveler with an on-line help. Answer: This decision should be made during the system design process. This decision should also be made during the system design process. This decision is part of the requirements gathering process. Question: A passenger aircraft is composed of several millions of individual parts and requires thousands of persons to assemble. A four-lane highway bridge is another example of complexity. The first version of Word for Windows, a word processor released by Microsoft in November 1989, required 55 person-years, resulted into 249,000 lines of source code, and was delivered 4 years late. Aircraft and highway bridges are usually delivered on time and below budget, whereas software is often not. Discuss what are, in your opinion, the differences between developing an aircraft, a bridge, and a word processor, which would cause this situation. Answer: An aircraft or a bridge no matter how complex, are examples of physically tangible products. Software on the other hand is not physically tangible. Any such thing requires excessive brainstorming and thinking. In case of the above mentioned examples the end product that is an aircraft or a bridge is known while in case of software the customer and the creator are never too sure of the complete end product. During the course of development of software the requirements of the user might change. The user might want to increase or decrease the functionality. Other than this the creator has to think of all the aspects and scenarios in which the software will be used, which is not possible. All the possibilities can never be taken into account; the developer can only come up with the most effective solution. And that solution might not be valid after sometime. SECTION B Question: Why Software Engineering is important? What is the role of SE in Telecom and System engineering? Answer: Software engineering (SE) is the profession, practiced by software engineers, concerned with specifying, designing, developing and maintaining software applications by applying technologies and practices from computer science, project management, and other fields. SE technologies and practices improve the productivity of developers and the quality of the applications they create. Software engineering plays a major role being the backbone of software systems by applying technologies and practices not only technically from computer science and engineering, but also with management issues such as project management, plus the telecom and other fields. [Reference: wiki.answers.com, google.com] Software engineering is the discipline of designing, writing, testing, implementing and maintaining software. It forms the basis of operational design and development of virtually all computer systems. The discipline extends to application software on personal computers, connectivity between computers, operating systems and includes software for micro-controllers, small computers embedded in all types of electronic equipment. Without software engineering, computers would have no functionality. Although hardware is just as important, no software means no computers. It is a fundamental part of todays information systems and engineering and our lives would be very different without it. [Reference: essays.se, google.com] Importance in Telecom Industry: In the telecom industry mere hardware is never enough for the process of communication to take place. It works at its best when the hardware is used to its fullest by using software along with it. In the telecom industry, software engineering is used right from the core of the communication network to the top most level. SE in telecom is used in the following three categories: Mobile applications and services implementation and development. Custom application development specifically for telecom operators. Custom embedded linux platform development for the functioning of servers, switching towers etc. Importance in Systems Engineering: Systems engineering include all sorts, shapes and sizes of communications systems, embedded systems, DSPs etc. SE is important not only for these systems to work but also for their design and development phases. SE is used for their functionality, maintenance, testing and execution. SE in systems engineering include the development and usage of the following products: Firmware BSP Device drivers Protocol stacks etc. It also includes the application of leading embedded hardware and software platforms such as VxWorks, Embedded Linux, pSOS, OSE, Win CE, XP Embedded, and diverse processors such as Intel, PPC, ARM, Freescale MPC and network processors.

International impact on Telephone Company :: essays research papers

International Internet Telephony has been evolving since its introduction in mid-1990s. With the Information Technology changing rapidly, different companies that work in telecommunications market are using various strategies to stay competitive. The main change has been noticed has been when more and more companies become IP carriers and multiple services providers whereas certain companies have refrained from any expansion into new infrastructure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For a growing number of telecommuting workers, a cell phone, a PDA, and a high-speed laptop can be indispensable tools for earning an honest day’s pay. Thus telecommunication companies have to stay competitive in today’s tough market to survive. For example, AOL recently began to offer â€Å"AOL anywhere†, service that allows users to check their email, instant messages, news headlines, stock portfolios, and other key features any time and anywhere. Or there is another service that is available only for AOL members – it is AOL TV that allows its users to do those essential to the users everyday things with their TV. AOL has always been known for providing â€Å"the most convenient and easiest-to-use interactive service available,† and that is why AOL is one of the competitors for telephone companies such as Qwest or AT&T. (http://www.corp.aol.com/whoweare.html) AOL is also the only truly global interactive service provider, offer ing AOL services in 16 countries in 8 languages.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the development of technology, customers’ demand is increasing as well. And Thus telephone companies are doing everything they can â€Å"to be on top† of the market. For instance, in 1999, Qwest Communications International, Inc. had an investment into Rhythms NetConnections Inc. for performance-class digital subscriber line (DSL) connectivity to addition that Rhythms has agreed to provide space to Qwest in their local facilities for collocation of call processing equipment and to use Qwest as its preferred web hosting provider. Rhythms provides high-speed networking solutions for remote access to private networks and the Internet. (http://www.qwest.com/about/media/pressroom/1,1720,162_archive,00.html?printVersion=1&xmlFilename=1999Apr07162&storyId=162) As Qwest’s competitor, â€Å"AT&T's continued financial strength helped underwrite growth and improvement, from the multi-billion-dollar digitalization of its entire network, through a sustained move into the international market and nearly 200 countries, to major mergers and acquisitions.† (http://www.att.com/history/history2.html) For example, in 1998, AT&T had invested over $70 billion in the company's future and redefining its services and products. In 1999, AT&T extended its reach through the local service businesses, broadband cable companies and wireless providers that were acquired in the past several years. â€Å"More than 75 percent of its capital investment went into growth businesses, up from 60 percent in 1998.

Compare and Contrast the Way Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen Approach the Subject of War Essay

The title of this poem is very powerful. It tells the reader that this is a very sad poem and that by going to war death is almost certain. Sassoon has done this to give the reader an idea of war, and, as the reader reads the poem their insight into the brutality and the sorrow of war increases. The first paragraph of this poem tells of the slow death of a soldier as the sun rises. Sassoon has skilfully manipulated language and his choice of words in order to create a visual image that is slowly sculptured as the first four lines are read. Dark clouds are smouldering into red while down the craters morning burns the dying soldier shifts his head? To watch the glory that returns† The first half of the second paragraph speaks of the patriotism of soldiers for their countries and how they â€Å"want† to die for their land. This can be observed in the line â€Å"Hankering for wreaths and tombs and hearses†. The final half of the second paragraph tells of how the soldier faces his destiny with courage. Writing has always been a tool for reflecting and commenting on society. During the 20th century many poets reacted to problems in the world with highly emotionally charged poems. The horror of war and the spiritual degradation it inflicts is evident in the work of the World War I poets. Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) and Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967) were both soldiers and poets. Their poems reflect the loss of innocence and the horrible mental and physical toll World War I inflicted on the world. ?Both Sassoon and Owen wrote war poetry to inform people of the realities of war. Sassoon’s efforts to publicly decry the war were stunted when the military announced he suffered from shell-shock and sent him to a hospital to recover. His poetry became the means of sharing his opinion that the war had â€Å"become a war of aggression and conquest,† (Norton 1832). He wanted to share with the public the true cost of war. His poem â€Å"They† reflects the common assumptions of the people at home about what the soldiers will be like when they come home. He wipes away all the illusions and shows that â€Å"you’ll not find/A chap who’s served that hasn’t found some change† (lines 9-10). In the poem, the soldiers don’t return better and brighter. Instead, Sassoon shows how they return less whole by describing their injuries.? Sassoon met Owen while both were in the hospital recovering. Both men’s greatest achievements as poets dealt with the war. Sassoon’s poems about the war were, â€Å"deliberately written to disturb complacency,† (Poets 855). He called them â€Å"trench-sketches† and wrote about what he witnessed while fighting with detail and honesty. Many of his war poems are highly satirical. While at home during the war, he was disturbed by the public’s opinion of the war. Poems such as â€Å"Blighters† show his anger toward the civilian world:? I’d like to see a Tank com down the stalls,? Lurching to rag-time tunes, or â€Å"Home, sweet Home. â€Å"? And there’d be no more jokes in Music-halls? To mock the riddled corpses round Bapaume. (5-8)? While Sassoon wrote war poetry to express his anger about the war, Owen’s main influence on his writing was not just a desire to show what war was actually like, but also an expression of the horrors he saw in many aspects of life. His poetry was heavily influenced by nightmares he experienced since his childhood which were only worsened by his experiences in battle. While in the hospital, Sassoon helped Owen with his writing. At first, Owen used many of the same â€Å"shock tactics† used by Sassoon, but he eventually found his own voice. After helping Owen with final editing process of â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth,† Sassoon wrote that he, â€Å"realized that his verse, with its sumptuous epithets and large-scale imagery, its noble naturalness and the depth of meaning, had impressive affinities with Keats, whom he took as his supreme expemplar. This new sonnet was a revelation . . . It confronted me with classic and imaginative serenity (Poets 750). Owen’s poems, such as â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† and â€Å"Apologia pro Poemate Meo† were not just inspired by war or dreams, but were also written as replies to other authors, the latter in response to a remark by Robert Graves. Own was not only powerful in his subject matter, but also technically, which is why Sassoon, Graves, and other poets admired his work. His use of para-rhyme added greatly to his poetry because it, â€Å"produces effects of dissonance, failure, and unfulfilment that subtly reinforces his themes,† (749).? Both poets wanted to express their views and feelings about the war. Their experiences in battle, although horrible, inspired them to write better poetry than they did before the war, and in Sassoon’s case, even after the war. Owen seems to be a more psychologically complex person. His poems are often melancholy and reach people on a deeply emotional level. Sassoon’s poems also affect people, but they do not leave a lasting impression. Sassoon’s goal as a war poet is to shock, while Owen’s goal is to make people experience deep emotion. It is obvious from Sassoon’s own remarks about Owen that even he felt the extreme emotional and lyrical power of Owen’s poems. The work of each poet serves as a reminder of the awfulness of war and the effect war has on people’s lives. Dulce Decorum Est The poem â€Å"Dulce Decorum Est† was written by Wilfred Owen. This poem illustrates how poetry can be influenced by the subject of the words rather than the words influencing the topic. The poem uses various literary devices to show that dying for one’s country can be a very ugly and horrible thing; putting this idead into a poem, makes poetry a very ugly thing. Wilfred Owens makes use of many devices, but one of the first ones used in the poem is a simile. â€Å"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. This allows one to imagine a group of people hunched over, to malnourished and beaten to even stand up straight. Another example is â€Å"flound’ring like a man on fire or lime. † The man described has been poisoned by gas, but he looks as though he is running around trying to put out a fire on himself. The simimle illustrates the suffering of the man and his hopelessness. The author also utilizes words that have definite negative connotations in order to give the reader a feeling of unease and malady. Words such as â€Å"sludge,† â€Å"fatigue,† â€Å"guttering,† â€Å"froth-corrupted,† â€Å"vile,† and â€Å"incurable,† all have negative connotations. The words taken from the context of the poem still do not, and likely could not have any possible positive images or ideas associated with them. By choosing such words Owen condemns his poem to being sorrowful, sad and ugly. This is likely the author’s intent as he sees war, sorrowful, sad, and ugly. Owen uses these literary devices and others to reach a single end. A sensory image of watching a man, in service of his country, die a terrible death. These include, the images of hunched men traveling through mud, hearing gas shells and putting on masks, a man drowning in gas, and the horrible ghastly death of that man. Owen incorporates sound with â€Å"the blood Come gargling† which enhances the horror felt by the reader. Wilfre Owen uses all these techniques to illustrate a simple point, that the phrase â€Å"Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori,† or translated to english, sweet and honorable it is, to die for the fatherland, is a lie. His poem tries to make real to the reader how horrible death is even when in the service of one’s country. The statement is often made to children in search of adventure, but Owen makes clear that it is indeed a falsehood.

123 Textiles Corporation †Disaster Plan

123 Textiles Corporation – Disaster Plan Free Online Research Papers 123 Textiles Corporation is a company that makes textiles which is a flexible material which is refer to an interlacing of fibers’ such as yarn or some threaded fiber, than is formed by knitting, weaving or knotting. The 123 Textiles Corporation supplies their disturbers with textiles, and they only have one server in the network with all the information from these disturbers. The 123 Textiles Corporation is located in a trouble or high crime area which could be a problem form thievery. The company is also located on a fault line which has the occasional earthquake in the area. 123 Textiles Corporation has a valuable network server and no disaster plan to implement in case of a thief or some kind of nature disaster strikes the building where the company is located. This disaster plan will prepare 123 Textiles Corporation for any kind of damaging activity form a disaster. The planning strategy will be planned with using RAID system of data protection to protect the valuable se rver, and the data the server has in the system. With the server being by the window creates a problem in the plan, that problem will be address along with some security measures to help keep hackers at bay for a while. This plan will cover the steps if a disaster such as an earthquake hitting the area and damaging the server. This will give the company enough time to call all of their clients to advise them of the situation whether it was a break in or a nature disaster that cause the problem. After examining the situation with the server the first thing that notice was the location of the server. The server should be move to a more secure location in the company’s building, that can with stand debris falling from the ceiling in case of an earthquake. Another reason the move the server is because a thief can see through the window. If there is no security system than they would just have to break the window, take and grab the server, without even entering the building. Next on the list would be power supplies which would consist of the UPS system of protection from any power surges, blackouts, and spikes. The UPS is uninterruptible power supply which is connected to the server and will protect it from the previously named power problems. With electrical problems there could be some loss of data, permanent hard drive www.APC.com damage, and even corrupted files can occur. Most UPSs can support servers depending on the size of the UPS, can hold power for a few hours which gives the network administrator plenty of time to save the data and shut the server down normally. The UPS is recommended for running the server without any power problems which will cut any extra cost for down time due to the power spikes, surges, and blackouts that with damage the network system. The Fault tolerance will need to be implemented in the system for any disaster. The redundant array of inexpensive disk or in short RAID will provide the solution if the server gets corrupted or some other problem RAID will be there to repair or replace to problem with the backups it will create. RAID is a setup where two or more hard drives have to same data for when problems happen to the server or network. RAID 1 will allow improved performance because disk one will be accessed for writing information while disk two will be for reading the information requested. RAID has 6 different levels of system protection for different cases such as this case I will recommend that 123 Textiles Corporation use RAID 1 because of the time that this will save over RAID 0, 2-5. RAID 1 which is for two or more hard drives that mirror one another are completely redundant. With this setup if one fails the other disk will be able to sustain the network pending the disk that has failed is replaced, and restored with the information. With RAID disk controllers they will be able to take failed disk off the network, format the disk, and after that step the RAID disk controller can rewrite data from the working disk to the disk that has just been repaired and put back on the network (fig. 1). RAID 0: Striping (High Performance) Fig. 1 (www.answers.com) With this system 123 Textiles Corporation will have to change their backup once a month, and start backing up the system on a weekly basis. This will help with information being current with all the clients that use 123 Textiles Corporation. The reason for RAID 1 over the others is that RAID 0 if one disk fails the whole system will fail. RAID 2 is out dated because most of the modern hard drives are embedded with ECC. RAID 3 dedicates one disk to an error correction data with good performance for a level of fault tolerance. RAID 4 is made for larger networks, more hubs, and servers. RAID 5 is also for bigger networks more data almost similar to RAID 4. In figure 2 is the recommended RAID system which LaCie 2 TB (Terabytes) 2big Quadra RAID EXT ESAST FW800 USB 2.0 which is easy to install in the current system once the server has relocated to a secure location in the building. FIG. 2 (WWW.answers.com) With this system the backups should be performed every day so any time a problem happens the company will not have any down time. There are other choses for back-up systems such as a common method tape drives are used often, but the server would to have an extra bay which if it gone than it will get costly to get a replacement tape drive. If the company when choose to go through with the tape drive one of the better drives would be a Seagate Advanced Intelligent Tape which has the capable of 1.3TB of data. The grandfather effect would come in play with the rotation of tapes. The first tape would be grandfather and that would start in the beginning of the month, than the father which would be weekly, and the son which is daily. When or if there is the case of a break-in which does happen in a high crime area where the 123 Textiles Corporation is located than I would recommend a program that if the password is not correct the second time it will erase all data on the server. This program called OnlyMe which uses â€Å"Crack time lock† to erase all data after too many wrong passwords are type in the data will be no longer in the server which will protect the clients information. Now with the back-up situation plan under control now the focus is on moving the server to a protected or a high and more secure location in the build to protect it from thievery and an earthquake. There are containers that are rated to be structurally sound and will be able to protect the server, and RAID system. They recommend containers with ventilation or a cooling system hookup that will protect the devices from overheating which could be a problem. With the recommendations made in this plan for the safety of the 123 Textiles Corporation and the clients information in case of a disaster. In this plan there was the right RAID system to get for the company what kind of containers for a disaster. The protection needed against a break-in, and where to store the server, and the RAID system from any kind of intrusion in the building. References University of Phoenix. (2004). Week Eight Local Area Networks. Retrieved October 14,2009 From University of Phoenix, Week Eight Intro to LAN Technologies IT 240 Web site. Answers.(n.d). Retrieved October 14, 2009, from www. Answers.com web site. Research Papers on 123 Textiles Corporation - Disaster PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneCapital Punishment

Thermal Pollution Essay Example

Thermal Pollution Essay Example Thermal Pollution Paper Thermal Pollution Paper Individual Episcopal Institute of Management (MM) hereby declare that this report as a part of the course ?Contemporary Issues in Management (MBA 805. 1 ) is the result of my own work. I also acknowledge the other works / publications cited in the report. (Signature) Place: Change Date: 17. 06. 2013 (Name of the student) 2 BRIEF OF TOPIC Thermal Pollution may be defined as the excessive raising or lowering of water temperature above or below normal seasonal ranges in streams, lakes, or estuaries or oceans as the result of discharge of hot or cold effluents into such water. Thermal Pollution is harmful because its increase water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters. Thermal pollution is caused by either dumping hot water from factories and power plants or removing trees and vegetation that shade streams, permitting sunlight to raise the temperature of these waters. Like other forms of water pollution, thermal pollution is widespread, affecting many lakes and vast numbers of streams and rivers in the United States and other parts of the world. A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees (about 2 to 4 Fahrenheit degrees) can kill native fish and plants or drive them out in favor of other species, often with undesirable effects. CLC Control of Thermal Pollution CLC Effects of Thermal Pollution CLC Sources of Thermal Pollution CLC OBJECTIVE C] To know what is Thermal pollution To identified reason of Thermal Pollution and its sources 0 To measurement effect of Thermal Pollution on environment. CA To find effective control tools and Step for decrease Thermal pollution. 3 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION In India, about 75 to 82 percent of thermal pollution is generated by power plants. The remainder is from industrial sources such as petroleum refineries, pulp and paper mills, chemical plants, steel mills and smelters. This study is based on global monthly temperature data, from 1880 until today (NOAA NCSC, 2001). These temperatures are separated into land area tem- premature (LA T), sea surface temperature (SST), and a combined global mean temperature (MEAN). MEAN is calculated by area weights corresponding to the global sea area (71 %) and land area (29%). During the year, SST is rather constant while the LAT varies considerably. CAT is about 3 ? 12 j lower than SST during the year. Fig. Indicates the LAT increase since 1880 to be 1. 2 j (to 9. 3 j) while the SST increase is 0. 5 j (to 16. 4 j). The corresponding combined global mean temperature has increased boy. 7 j (to 14. 3 j). Before that, during the years 1856 1880, the global mean temperatures were al- most constant (Jones et 2001 In water above 1400 F (600 C) it is very unusual for algae or bacteria to live, and serious problems occur at even much lower temperature levels. Unlike warm-blooded animals, fish and other cold-blooded organisms do not have a regulatory mechanism for maintaining a fixed internal body temperature. Therefore when water temperature changes, the body temperatures of the organisms also change. The resulting thermal stress may be lethal to some species. Factors such as diet, age, previous temperature exposure, weather, season of the year, and chemical composition of the water may change the specific lethal temperature point for fishes. Gender certain conditions, for example, brown trout cannot live in water at a temperature above 790 F (260 C). However, some hardy fish, often known as ?rough fish, can survive in even higher temperatures?carp, for example, can live at 950 F (350 C) water temperature. 4 Even comparatively small temperature increases may have serious results, affecting for example, reproduction in aquatic organisms. For example, the natural rise in water temperature during the spring causes female oysters and clams to shed their eggs. A similar, but artificially produced, temperature rise at a different time of the year can trigger the release of immature eggs. Excessive temperature can also prevent the normal development of certain eggs. Increased temperature may also affect hatching time in certain species. For example, herring eggs normally hatch in 47 days at a temperature of 320 F (0. 0 C). When the Water temperature is raised to 580 (14. ICC) the eggs hatch in 8 days. Such an early hatching often results in smaller adult size and shortened life span. Small water-temperature increases may increase the level of activity of certain organisms, whereas higher temperatures tend to decrease the level of activity. Lake trout, for example, cruise more rapidly as the temperature nears 610 (160 C) but then slow down above that temperature. A water temperature of 750 F (240 C) is lethal for them. As the fishs level of activity decreases so does its ability to catch food. 5 ARTICLE 1 Sources of Thermal Pollution Thermal pollution may be caused by four major sources. They are A) Water as a cooling agent. B) Soil erosion, C) Deforestation of shorelines, and D) Run-off from hot paved surfaces. A) Water as a cooling agent: It is the major source of thermal pollution of water in most part of the world. The use of water as a cooling agent in power plants and factories and industrial facilities causes thermal pollution. B) Soil erosion: Soil erosion makes the water muddy, which in turn increases the absorption of light, thus increasing the water temperature. C) Deforestation of shorelines: This contributes to the problem of thermal elution in two ways. First the plant roots hold soil particles together. Hence the deforestation results erosion of soil particles. Secondly, vegetation provides shade to the water surface. Deforestation increases the amount of light hitting the water surface, thereby raising the water temperature. D) Run- off on hot surface: Storm water runoff on warmed urban surfaces, such as streets, 6 sidewalks and parking lots causes raising of the temperature water that flows on the surface Effects of Thermal Pollution Thermal Pollution increased the temperature of water considerably. This increase in temperature causes the following effects. A) Change in water properties: Temperature affects physical, biological and chemical parameters in a water body B) Disturbed Ecosystem: Most aquatic organisms have adapted to survive within a range of water temperatures. Some organisms like trout and strongly nymphs prefer cooler water, while others such as carp and dragonfly nymphs thrive under warmer conditions. As the temperature of river or lake increases, cool water species will be replaced by warm organisms. Few organisms can survive in temperatures of extreme heat or cold. C) Reduced dissolved oxygen: The addition of heat reduces the waters ability o hold dissolved gases, including the oxygen required for aquatic life. Fifth water temperature in greater than 95 degree Fahrenheit the dissolved oxygen content may be too low to support some species. D) Increased bacterial growth: Warmer water allows bacterial populations to increase and thrive and algae blooms may occur. E) Photosynthesis: The rate of photosynthesis by algae and larger aquatic plants is also affected by thermal pollution. F) Thermal shock: When a power plant first opens or shut down for repair, fish and other organisms adapted to a particular temperature range can be ailed by the abrupt change in water temperature. This is called as thermal shock. 7 G) Increase in toxicity: The rising temperature increases toxicity of the chemicals present in water causes massive morality of fishes. Control of Thermal Pollution Following are some of the preventive measures of thermal pollution. A) Temperature of water can be reduced by taking the water to wet or dry cooling towers which are being used to pre cool that water before discharge transfers the heat from the water to the atmosphere. 8) Discharging the heated water into shallow ponds or canal, allowing it to cool, and reusing it as cooling Water. C) The thermal discharge from an industry can also be used in heating homes, building or other such structures. This is achieved by circulating the hot water through pipes in the structures. D) Water with temperature can be successfully used in aquaculture. E) The heated water can also be used in agriculture, especially for frost protection during the cold seasons. 8 ARTICLE 2 INTRODUCTION Thermal Pollution, harmful increase in water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters. Thermal pollution is caused by either dumping hot water from factories and power plants or removing trees ND vegetation that shade streams, permitting sunlight to raise the temperature of these waters. Like other forms of water pollution, thermal pollution is widespread, affecting many lakes and vast numbers of streams and rivers in the India and other parts of the world. A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees (about 2 to 4 Fahrenheit degrees) can kill native fish, shellfish, and plants, or drive them out in favor of other species, often with undesirable effects. MAJOR SOURCES The major sources of thermal pollution are electric power plants and industrial factories. In most electric power plants, heat is produced when coal, IL, or natural gas is burned or nuclear fuels undergo fission to release huge amounts of energy. This heat turns water to steam, which in turn spins turbines to produce electricity. After doing its work, the spent steam must be cooled and condensed back into water. To condense the steam, cool water is brought into the plant and circulated next to the hot steam. In this process, the water used for cooling warms 5 to 10 Celsius degrees (9 to 18 Fahrenheit degrees), after which it may be dumped back into the lake, river, or ocean from which it came. Similarly, factories contribute to thermal pollution when hey dump water used to cool their machinery. The second type of thermal pollution is much more widespread. Streams and small lakes are 9 naturally kept cool by trees and other tall plants that block sunlight. People often remove this shading vegetation in order to harvest the wood in the trees, to make room for crops, or to construct buildings, roads, and other structures. Left unshaved, the water warms by as much as 10 Celsius degrees (18 Fahrenheit degrees). In a similar manner, grazing sheep and cattle can strip streamside of low vegetation, including young trees. Even the removal f vegetation far away from a stream or lake can contribute to thermal pollution by speeding up the erosion of soil into the water, making it muddy. Muddy water absorbs more energy from the sun than clear water does, resulting in further heating. Finally, water running off of artificial surfaces, such as streets, parking lots, and roofs, is warmer than water running off vegetated land and, thus, contributes to thermal pollution. IMPACTS All plant and animal species that live in water are adapted to temperatures within a certain range. When water in an area warms more than they can tolerate, species that cannot move, such as rooted plants and hellish, will die. Species that can move, such as fish, will leave the area in search of cooler conditions, and they will die if they can not find them. Typically, other species, often less desirable, will move into the area to fill the vacancy. In general, cold waters are better habitat for plants and animals than warm ones because cold waters contain more dissolved oxygen. Many freshwater fish species that are valued for sport and food, especially trout and salmon, do poorly in warm water. Some organisms do thrive in warm water, often with undesirable effects. Algae and other plants grow more rapidly in warm eater than in cold, but they also die more rapidly; the bacteria that decompose their dead tissue use up oxygen, further reducing the amount available for animals. The dead and decaying algae make the water look, taste, and smell unpleasant 10 CONTROLS Thermal pollution from power plants and factories is relatively easy to control. Instead of discharging heated water into lakes and streams, power plants and factories can pass the heated water through cooling towers or cooling ponds, where evaporation cools the water before it is discharged. Alternatively, power plants can be designed or refitted to be more efficient ND to produce less waste heat in the first place. In a process called generation, the excess heat energy from generating electricity can be used in another manufacturing process that needs such energy. Where homes or other buildings are located near industrial plants, waste hot water can be used for heating?an arrangement often found in Scandinavian towns and cities, and proposed for use in China. In the United States, the problem of industrial thermal pollution was first addressed in 1970, when Congress gave the Atomic Energy Commission authority to regulate thermal pollution from nuclear power plants. In 1 972, the comprehensive Clean Water Act instructed the Environmental Protection Agency to issue regulations to clean up all hot water discharges from all power plants, nuclear or conventional. Since then, thermal pollution from power plants has not been a major issue in the United States. To prevent thermal pollution due to deviation, the prescription is simple: do not devastate. Landowners can leave strips of trees and vegetation along streams and shorelines. Grazing livestock can be kept away from streamside by fencing. All efforts to control erosion also have the effect of keeping water clearer and, thus, cooler. As a practical matter, however, thermal pollution from deviation is quite hard to control because it is caused by the cumulative effect of many peoples actions, most of which are individually minor. Regulations focus on a few of the most important threats. Grazing 1 1 management plans, for instance, are intended to counter thermal pollution and other problems on lands owned by the federal government. In the United States, regulations governing logging on both public and private lands supposedly protect streamside, though enforcement is often lax. Elsewhere, streamside protection is largely up to private landowners, encouraged and died by such advisory organizations as the federal Natural Resources Conservation Service and cooperative Resource Conservation Districts. Solutions Several engineering solutions are available to minimize thermal pollution from major industrial sources. One is a cooling pond into which heated wastewater is released before it enters a natural waterway. The cooling pond permits evaporation of some water, carrying heat into the air and thus releasing cooler water into the waterway. The evaporated water might, however, under some conditions, condense, producing fogs where none existed before. In addition, the evaporation from the cooling pond sight deprive the waterway of significant amounts of water, which could be serious during summer months when the natural flow in a river is low. Another possible solution to the problem of thermal pollution is the cooling tower?either wet or dry?which also transfers heat to the air. In both types, heated water is introduced into a tower through which air is blown, and some heat is passed to the air. In wet towers, water and air are in contact, resulting in water loss. In dry towers, a device like a car radiator carries the heated Water, and less Water is lost. Several suggestions for the beneficial uses Of Herman pollution have been made. Among them is the possible use of heated water under fields to lengthen the growing season for certain crops, under city streets in winter to melt snow, or in cold estuaries areas to increase growth offish and shellfish. At the moment, these schemes are untested on a large scale. All solutions must consider the general health of the environment as well as energy use patterns, overall population growth, and other factors.

Tank History essays

Tank History essays The tank, together with the airplane, opened up modern warfare, which had been immobilized and stalemated by the use of rifled guns. It was developed by the British and first employed in World War I in the battle of Flers-Courcellette, on the Somme (Sept., 1916), but it was used piecemeal, without any overriding strategy, and seemed a failure. In Nov., 1917, the tank achieved a major success at Cambrai, when 300 British tanks made a dawn attack on a 6-mi (9.7-km) front and shattered the German defenses. Before World War II tanks and tank tactics were greatly improved, and in the first campaign of that war German tank armies conquered Poland in less than a month. Whole armored divisions and corps of tanks were soon formed on both sides. In mass tank battles in Europe and N Africa the tide often tended toward the side with the most effective use of armored units. Among the great armor commanders were Erwin Rommel and George Patton. There were also specialized tanks for amphibious landings and clearing mines. Antitank weapons were developed, such as bazookas, armor-piercing shells, recoilless rifles, and antitank missiles, as well as airplanes armed with rockets and bombs. Since World War II the basic features of tanks and tank tactics have remained unchanged, but there have been refinements such as reactive armor that explodes out when hit, laser rangefinders, automatic loading, and computer systems for fire control and navigation. Antitank weapons have also been greatly improved; they now include specialized munitions capable of attacking dozens of tanks at once that are delivered by artillery or aircraft, as well as powerful infantry weapons. Tanks are particularly effective in desert fighting, as demonstrated by their use by the Israeli military and in the Persian Gulf War. Richard Edgeworth invented the Caterpillar track in 1770. In the Crimean War a small number of steam powered tractors based on this design proved very suc...

Social Psychology - Definition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Psychology - Definition - Essay Example The theoretical postulates in social facilitation help just in identifying and isolating the individual traits concerning the formation and transformation of the individual self. Despite excessive theorizing on the subject there has been a truly articulate wider focus on the phenomenon of social facilitation with a clearer contrast between autonomous individual actions and socially facilitated reflex-based responses. The underlying nuances are obviously delineated to produce a coherent process of development from one premise to the next (Heffernan, 2002). In the first instance when Norman Triplett carried out research into the performance by cyclists taking part in a race, he realized that individual cyclists tended to perform better simply because they were being observed by others. Thus they separately developed a tendency to achieve faster times on the clock in each race (Sternberg, 2003). The critical perception of performance as is based on the cause-and-effect analysis would show that the theoretical parameters developed by Triplett were though original under the circumstances were essentially connected with a body of a priori principles that produce parallel processes of behavioral paradigms among individuals. This causal link is so important in understanding the norm-based behaviors among certain classes of people. In fact in the process of theorizing the psychological perspective on conventional behaviors of the individual and the cognitive perceptive response to external stimuli have been combined together to produce a convergence/divergence contingency model of behavioral response (Baron, & Byrne, 2002). According to the Stanford Prison Experiment carried out by a group of researchers led by Professor Phillip Zimbardo at the University of Stanford in 1971 even before 36 hours lapsed on the experiment at least one prisoner in the experiment group was discovered to suffer from acute tension, continuous crying, anger and incoherent thinking (www.prisonexp.org). The group that acted like authorities in the experiment did not believe him because they felt he was conning to compel them into releasing him. According to drive theory that human organisms have some needs. If and when these needs were deprived the subject person would experience some emotional disturbance or tension. As and when the n eed is satisfied the level of drive diminishes and the concerned organism would function as normally as it was before. However the theory tells that drive would increase as the time goes on (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973). This process is similar to a feedback and control mechanism.Psychologists who have studied such creatures like rats and cockroaches have found that their behavioral tendencies in some instances closely resemble that of humans (Davey, 2004). Cottrell was responsible for the Evaluation Apprehension Theory (1972). According to EPT people rapidly learn what social rewards and punishments would be received by subject people for good performance and

Wildlife and Wind Energy. Leah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wildlife and Wind Energy. Leah - Essay Example The researcher did cover the topic well and broad enough. She discussed how wind energy is a great potential of cleaner and renewable source of energy but it will be more successful if further measures of conserving the habitat are embraced. The researcher concentrated mostly on the negatives of the energy production method and provided measures which if implemented could reduce fatality rate of wildlife. The methods discussed include radar technology, GPS tracking, Ultrasonic acoustics and design of the wind turbines. Studies have been conducted to determine the effect of industrial wind turbines on the environment. There are both positive and negative effects which provide clear evidence. Modern turbines are developed in a way that birds can’t rest on them. This still is not a proper solution because the birds still rest on the generators which have rotating blades that can slaughter them. Many nations are contemplating on methods of generating more sustainable, domestically available energy. Wind energy is seen as the most convenient method because it has economic benefits of development, lack of water consumption and emissions during operation and has low impact on humans. This can be the best method of energy production if it will cater for the wildlife

Apple Inc. Current market conditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Apple Inc. Current market conditions - Essay Example The firm is estimated to have the majority of the smart phone market with the main competitors being the Research in Motion of Canada, Samsung of North Korea and the upcoming Huawei of China. On its launch of the Smartphone, the firm was able to sell over ten million units within a month which was a record not only for the firm’s product sales but also for the market. New version of the same product has been very successful with million units in sales made for each new version which is after every two years. Apple has proved to the world that it is a future firm and that it is here to stay. This has to do with its history of innovation and surprising the consumers with new products just when the customers thought they had everything there is to have in the electronics industry. Generally, Apple is a successful company with a growing future. Though it faces threats such as competition from other providers in its line, it stands a better chance for success due to opportunities a nd market venture it has not touched. Law of diminishing demand Mentioning of recent or upcoming purchases of cars and computers suggests a strong consumer demand for the commodities. The confidence of consumers is measured by Consumer Confidence Index (CCI). Consumers’ confidence shows the optimism of the consumers on the economy. This can easily be expressed in their saving and spending activities (Barnes, 2012). Household surveys are carried out every month about the ongoing conditions and the expectations of the future regarding the United States economy. Data is available by age, region, and income for consumer attitudes and buying intentions. A healthy economy means consumers are willing to spend their money. The CCI is calculated from data gathered from 5000 households every month. Five questions are asked in the survey and each question is given a relative value. The values are calculated and compared against a benchmark value that was calculated in 1985. The 1985 ben chmark value is as is because that is when the CCI was first calculated. From the results, an index value is obtained for each of the five questions. The average index values of the questions are obtained and forms the consumer confidence index. Consumer spending is very imperative to a countries’ financial health. Consequently, the CCI is closely and accurately watched economic indicator. Changes of below 5% are usually said to be inconsequential. On the other hand, changes of 5% and above show very strong change in the direction of economy (Barnes, 2012). Competitors and the market While Apple is a leader in the industry, this does not mean that the firm does not have competition. The main competition is from Research in Motion who is the manufacturers of yet another market leading Smartphone, Samsung, which is a Korean electronics manufacturer that is catching up very quickly with the American manufacturers and finally Huawei which is a Chinese mobile communication devise manufacturers who have recently entered the market for Smartphone (Russolillo, 2012). Huawei especially offers a very different kind of competition because apart from having the advantage of the Asian cheap labour from china, it has a very keen focus on manufacturing low cost Smartphone and have entered into strategic coalitions with such giants as Google and a number of mobile phone operators in the world. The

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT - ASSIGNMENT 2 Essay

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT - ASSIGNMENT 2 - Essay Example They fail to specify priorities and focus. (Daniel Petersen, 1995) Such objectives don't map the trip ahead - the finding of better worth and solutions for the client. The objectives must be: Objectives set out what the business is trying to attain. Objectives can be set at two levels. These levels are Corporate and Functional level. At Corporate level the objectives concern the business or organization as a whole. Examples of corporate objectives might include: There are several ways in which the objectives set by an organization can be communicated across effectively. The importance of communicating objectives is equal to the importance of setting them. As it's useless to set objectives if they are not properly communicated to the workers. The objectives of an organization shape its future deals and planning. The objectives of a company also help them in attracting potential customers. It is a vital task to communicate the objectives of the organization and these are the following ways that can be adopted to do so. By distributing booklets it is meant that a written form of organization objectives is available to all the workers. The reason behind it to make sure that every employee is clearly aware of all the objectives, but there is a draw back as how many people are reading the booklet cannot be checked. By putting up the objectives on the notice board makes sure that ever... By putting up the objectives on the notice boards. By revising the objectives daily By making sure every employee is aware of the objectives By circulating pamphlets By distributing booklets it is meant that a written form of organization objectives is available to all the workers. The reason behind it to make sure that every employee is clearly aware of all the objectives, but there is a draw back as how many people are reading the booklet cannot be checked. By putting up the objectives on the notice board makes sure that everyone is seeing them daily but it still not helps in confirming that everyone has read them. (Frank Corrado, 1994). Another effective method can be that the team leader or the departmental head makes sure that he revises the objectives set by the organization daily and is ready to help explain them if someone is having a problem understanding them. Ans. 2 An organization needs to make sure that every single of their employee or worker is aware of the objectives that have been set by the organization. One might doubt why we need to set up objectives in the first place, why not let the company or a particular activity just run effortlessly into the future and see where it gets. (Daniel Petersen, 1995) That would be the case only if we really do not care whether the activity in discussion will be doing well or not: but then, to use a popular saying, "if something deserves to be performed, then it deserves to be performed well". In other words, if we don't care for the outcome, we should not proceed with the act at all. Awareness of objectives among the workers or employees is important, for several reasons: It gives a mark to aim to, therefore all actions and hard work will be focused on attaining the objective instead of being

Nonhuman Primate Sign Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nonhuman Primate Sign Language - Essay Example The present research has identified that human and nonhuman primates such as chimpanzees have commonalities in brain features in high-level communicative and cognitive functions. Brains of both human and nonhuman primate show some degree of asymmetry. Both halves of the human brain are not symmetrical they are lopsidedness that arise at the development stage of brain. Brains of humans show a greater variance of asymmetry than that of chimpanzees, but brains of both species are asymmetrical in structures. Brain asymmetry gives a room for flexibility and enables the brain to adapt easily to different conditions and situations. Human and primates share 99% of their genetic makeup. However, their main difference between the two is the capability of communicating in a language that is defined. Chimps do not can speak human language, but they have a way of communicating to each other. One of the ways they communicate to each other is through different types of vocal calls. If the chimps fi nd food, they start making different types of grunts, pant hoots and barks to let others know the source of food. Chimpanzees have different pant hoots that distinguish each from one another. It helps others to identify individuals who are making the call. When chimps get back from a successful hunt, they make calls in an exciting way to alert others about a successful mission. When they come across a dangerous situation, they produce a savage-sounding to alert others on the potential danger. Chimps also communicate with each other by making use of bodily gestures and postures. Some communities such as that of a monkey make use of physical contact to express anger, happiness, fear and aggressiveness. When chimps get angry, they express anger by standing upright using their hind legs, wave their arms and sometimes they can throw rocks and branches. The behavior alerts other chimps that are near and steer clear of this particular monkey.

Sustainability in Armenia as an Ethnographic Problem Case Study

Sustainability in Armenia as an Ethnographic Problem - Case Study Example Cultures and the lifestyles that people in a location practice leads to sustainability issues. For instance, a normal environmentally conscious citizen of the United Kingdom leaves a carbon foot print of over 6 tons of CO2 and an ecological footprint of 3.4 global hectares. This is the case with most of the western countries. The US for instance has a higher footprint on an average. This indicates the usage of more fossil and non-renewable energy sources causing more of environmental problems (WWF 2004). Sustainability is not only scientific or engineering related; it is also related to the cultural and ethical values of the community. Any community that does not have a tendency to protect its own environment and is interested more in commercialization of its own resources would end up denuding the environment faster; reducing sustainability. Sustainability reflects in many of the performance indexes of the country. While the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country could indicate the amount of money the country has spend or has earned over the period in consideration, other indexes take into consideration various parameters including the overall development of the country. Demographic and ethnographic factors hurt the performance of the country as a voter for sustained development. In the case of Armenia, it is ranked at 83rd position in 2005 with a Human Development Index of 0.775. This has increased from 0.701 in 1995, according to UNDP (UNDP 2008). At the same time, the percentage of people living below the national poverty line is well over 50%. This indicates that the wealth is not distributed uniformly across the population resulting in increased poverty at one end and extremely rich people at the other. This is one of the factors that will affect sustainable development in the Armenian Society. The Happy Planet Index is a measure of the long and happy lives people lead in that country or place. In the case of Armenia, it was found to be 36.1 out of 100 and the country was ranked at 130 out of 178 countries. This is a measure of the long lives people live and indicates how happy people are (nef 2006). As Aristotle says, the purpose of social living is to be happy. The same is supported by the US constitution when it says that every individual has the right to pursue his own happiness. This indicates that Armenia has a long way to go before it can turn into a happier place to lead human life. The Environmental Sustainability Index is produced out of 25 different factors in six policy categories. Multiple happenings in a country, including large corporate and social projects, affect the performance of a country when this index is measured. The index is a measure of the environmental health, air and water pollution levels, Productive natural resources, Biodiversity and habitat and finally, climate change contribution by the country. Environmental sustainability is an important criterion while looking for sustainable development. In case of Armenia, the ESI released in 2005 ranked it at 44 (CIESIN 2005). With the changes made in the factors estimated, the Environmental Performance Index was produced in 2008 where Armenia was ranked at 62 a substantial loss of position. There had been a number of factors that affect the

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT - ASSIGNMENT 2 Essay

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT - ASSIGNMENT 2 - Essay Example They fail to specify priorities and focus. (Daniel Petersen, 1995) Such objectives don't map the trip ahead - the finding of better worth and solutions for the client. The objectives must be: Objectives set out what the business is trying to attain. Objectives can be set at two levels. These levels are Corporate and Functional level. At Corporate level the objectives concern the business or organization as a whole. Examples of corporate objectives might include: There are several ways in which the objectives set by an organization can be communicated across effectively. The importance of communicating objectives is equal to the importance of setting them. As it's useless to set objectives if they are not properly communicated to the workers. The objectives of an organization shape its future deals and planning. The objectives of a company also help them in attracting potential customers. It is a vital task to communicate the objectives of the organization and these are the following ways that can be adopted to do so. By distributing booklets it is meant that a written form of organization objectives is available to all the workers. The reason behind it to make sure that every employee is clearly aware of all the objectives, but there is a draw back as how many people are reading the booklet cannot be checked. By putting up the objectives on the notice board makes sure that ever... By putting up the objectives on the notice boards. By revising the objectives daily By making sure every employee is aware of the objectives By circulating pamphlets By distributing booklets it is meant that a written form of organization objectives is available to all the workers. The reason behind it to make sure that every employee is clearly aware of all the objectives, but there is a draw back as how many people are reading the booklet cannot be checked. By putting up the objectives on the notice board makes sure that everyone is seeing them daily but it still not helps in confirming that everyone has read them. (Frank Corrado, 1994). Another effective method can be that the team leader or the departmental head makes sure that he revises the objectives set by the organization daily and is ready to help explain them if someone is having a problem understanding them. Ans. 2 An organization needs to make sure that every single of their employee or worker is aware of the objectives that have been set by the organization. One might doubt why we need to set up objectives in the first place, why not let the company or a particular activity just run effortlessly into the future and see where it gets. (Daniel Petersen, 1995) That would be the case only if we really do not care whether the activity in discussion will be doing well or not: but then, to use a popular saying, "if something deserves to be performed, then it deserves to be performed well". In other words, if we don't care for the outcome, we should not proceed with the act at all. Awareness of objectives among the workers or employees is important, for several reasons: It gives a mark to aim to, therefore all actions and hard work will be focused on attaining the objective instead of being

Sustainability in Armenia as an Ethnographic Problem Case Study

Sustainability in Armenia as an Ethnographic Problem - Case Study Example Cultures and the lifestyles that people in a location practice leads to sustainability issues. For instance, a normal environmentally conscious citizen of the United Kingdom leaves a carbon foot print of over 6 tons of CO2 and an ecological footprint of 3.4 global hectares. This is the case with most of the western countries. The US for instance has a higher footprint on an average. This indicates the usage of more fossil and non-renewable energy sources causing more of environmental problems (WWF 2004). Sustainability is not only scientific or engineering related; it is also related to the cultural and ethical values of the community. Any community that does not have a tendency to protect its own environment and is interested more in commercialization of its own resources would end up denuding the environment faster; reducing sustainability. Sustainability reflects in many of the performance indexes of the country. While the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country could indicate the amount of money the country has spend or has earned over the period in consideration, other indexes take into consideration various parameters including the overall development of the country. Demographic and ethnographic factors hurt the performance of the country as a voter for sustained development. In the case of Armenia, it is ranked at 83rd position in 2005 with a Human Development Index of 0.775. This has increased from 0.701 in 1995, according to UNDP (UNDP 2008). At the same time, the percentage of people living below the national poverty line is well over 50%. This indicates that the wealth is not distributed uniformly across the population resulting in increased poverty at one end and extremely rich people at the other. This is one of the factors that will affect sustainable development in the Armenian Society. The Happy Planet Index is a measure of the long and happy lives people lead in that country or place. In the case of Armenia, it was found to be 36.1 out of 100 and the country was ranked at 130 out of 178 countries. This is a measure of the long lives people live and indicates how happy people are (nef 2006). As Aristotle says, the purpose of social living is to be happy. The same is supported by the US constitution when it says that every individual has the right to pursue his own happiness. This indicates that Armenia has a long way to go before it can turn into a happier place to lead human life. The Environmental Sustainability Index is produced out of 25 different factors in six policy categories. Multiple happenings in a country, including large corporate and social projects, affect the performance of a country when this index is measured. The index is a measure of the environmental health, air and water pollution levels, Productive natural resources, Biodiversity and habitat and finally, climate change contribution by the country. Environmental sustainability is an important criterion while looking for sustainable development. In case of Armenia, the ESI released in 2005 ranked it at 44 (CIESIN 2005). With the changes made in the factors estimated, the Environmental Performance Index was produced in 2008 where Armenia was ranked at 62 a substantial loss of position. There had been a number of factors that affect the

Education of African American Male Students Essay Example for Free

Education of African American Male Students Essay The Brown vs. the Topeka Board of Education was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme court which outlawed racial segregation within public education facilities. Segregation of public education existed until the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation. In Brown II, the Supreme Court delegated the task of carrying out the desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur with all deliberate speed† (The United States Supreme Court, 1954). This phrase â€Å"with all deliberate speed† was easier said than done. Segregation practices continued in America well after 1954. During these early years groups like The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and The Nation of Islam emerged as the new lead organizations for the Civil Rights Movement. Leaders like Megar Evers, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. emerged all were assassinated before reaching the age of forty. These assassinations sparked the emergence of younger and more radical groups. Groups like the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Black Panther Party had goals for education. The Black Panther Party created a comprehensive plan for improving their community. The plan was called the Ten Point Plan (Ten Point Plan, 1966). The Ten Point Plan stated: We believe in an educational system that will give to our people knowledge of self. If a man does not have knowledge of himself and his position in society and the world, then he has little chance to relate to anything else. (Ten Point Plan, 1966, p.1). The 1960’s were an era of great change in African American culture. This was also a time for new leadership in the African American community. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Megar Evers had chosen to use a nonviolent approach. Malcolm X was more radical and was willing to use violence to get equal treatment. After all three leaders were assassinated; leaders such as Stokely Carmichael had a new concept of  what America should become. In 1968 Stokely Carmichael created the term institutional racism, which he defined as the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin. One of the new topics in education reform focused on how to educate African American males. Students in urban areas have been exposed to deteriorating conditions, which include overcrowded classrooms, limited funding for education, and unstable learning environments. In recent years the education of African American males has encountered several problems. Although 72% of African-American students in America graduate from high school, over 45% of African-American males drop out of high school (Green Carl, 2000). Another problem is that one in four African American males are expelled from school each year. Additionally a disproportionate number of African-American males are in special education and remedial reading classes (Lee, Winfield Wilson, 1991). According to Livingston and Nahimana (2006), Success with African-American males requires understanding the social context in which they exist. This journey of cultural understanding begins by recognizing preconceived assumptions about urban African-American male children, African-American children, particularly urban youth, are very keen on picking up the adult’s perception of them. Thus, understanding the behavior and dynamics of urban African-American families will greatly aid in understanding and educating the African-American male child. (p.210) Statement of the problem In recent years, there has been a trend of academic underachievement among African American males. Economic opportunities, lack of education, lack of father figures and the lack of understanding from the American society has damaged the self-esteem and the educational opportunities of young African American males. This research discussed the role that education has contributed to the underachievement of African American males in education. The purpose of this study was to review and analyze the data regarding the education of African American male students. Specifically, the study looked  at the factor impacting the education of African American male students. This results of this study aims to encourage and educate professionals by providing information and additional strategies in promoting the educational success of African American male students. The following research questions guided this study: 1. What factors have influenced the education of African American males? 2. How have historical perspectives regarding poverty in the African American community changed? 3. How have attempts to desegregate public schools in America operated? 4. What strategies can educators use to improve opportunities for African American male students? Limitations of Study This study was based on existing literature and research regarding factor impacting African American male students. The scope of data collection included journals, books, and articles dealing with African American male student. The literature consisted of a number of studies involving the African American family structure. Studies in the field of education often do not include a control group. Other sources describe recommendations or proposals that may correlate with successful implementation of various strategies, but do not have quantifiable data to support those models. The limitations that these factors bring include the amount of study and research that exists within the literature Research was confined to the past decade; with the exception of the historical aspects presented Definition of Terms Accountability: a policy of holding schools and teachers accountable for the academic progress students by linking such progress with funding for salaries, and maintenance Culture: refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Different definitions of culture reflect various theoretical bases for understanding, or criteria for evaluating, human activity. Institutional racism: the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic  origin. Poverty: the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support; condition of being poor; indigence. Public education: education mandated for or offered by the government to the children of the general public, whether national, regional, or local, provided by an institution of civil government, and paid for, in whole or in part, by taxes. The term is generally applied to basic education, K -12 education and primary and secondary education. Racism: a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that ones own race is superior and has the right to rule others. Racial segregation: is characterized by separation of different races in daily life when both races are doing equal tasks, such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a rest room, attending school, going to the movies, or in the rental or purchase of a home. Urbanization: means increased spatial scale and/or density of settlement and/or business and other activities in the area over time. The process could occur either as natural expansion of the existing population (usually not a major factor since urban reproduction tends to be lower than rural), the transformation of peripheral population from rural to urban, incoming migration, or a c ombination of these. Design of the Study This study was descriptive in nature. All data were based upon research of available literature on the challenges of poverty and its role in the education of African American male students. Guiding questions were answered based upon a review of existing literature and research which addressed the factor impacting African American male students Literature on educational learning strategies were identified, studied and discussed. The information is presented in four chapters: Chapter One will consist of the introduction of the research paper. Chapter Two is the review of literature, outlining as pertinent to the research question. Chapter Three presents the analysis of the findings, and theme regarding the historical perspectives and impacting factors associated with the education of African American males. Chapter Four consists of a discussion including summary, conclusions, and recommendations. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Introduction Before educators analyze the negative statistics for African American males, the fact that there have been successes must be realized. According to Livingston and Nahimana (2006), Success with young African-American males requires understating the social context in which they exist. This journey of cultural understanding begins by recognizing preconceived assumptions about urban African-American male children. African-American children, particularly urban youth, are very keen on picking up the adults’ perception of them, thus understanding the behavior and the dynamics of urban African-American families will greatly aid in the understanding and educating the African-American male child. Although the literature is quick to point out that many urban African-Americans are reared in single family home, one should not assume that there are not positive males in the child’s extended family. Uncles, grandfathers and even older male siblings can play an important role in aiding our work with students. ( p.210) There are several questions that could be asked about the education of African American males. According to Education Today (2007, p.22), â€Å"there is a new question that will be asked. Will we lose the next two or three generations, or possibly every generation of African-American boys hereafter to negative media, gangs, drugs, poor education, unemployment, father absence, crime, violence and death? African American male students are faced with several challenges in education such as unemployment, housing, violence, incarceration, drugs, and education. According to Livingston and Nahimana (2006), â€Å"Educating young African American males has become an increasing concern for educators and human service professionals over the past 20 years. Disproportionate rates of school failure, dropout, and incarceration all speak to the need to develop interventions, which can account for the structural and ecological factors that impact African-American families and African-American children† (209). Even the United States Senate has noticed the new disturbing trend among African  American males. According to United States Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) â€Å"in 1999, 65 percent of African-American male high school dropouts in their 20s were jobless. He added that by 2004, the share had increased to 72 percent, as compared to 29 percent of whites and 19 percent of Latinos.† Schumer also noted â€Å"the incarceration rate of young African-American males is at historic highs, more than half of African-American males do not finish high school, and an African-American man in his 20s without a high school diploma is more likely to be in jail than to be working† (Wright, 2007, p.4). Family Structure/Foundation In America, the traditional family structure consists of a mother and a father. According to May, â€Å"In the 1950s the normative American family consisted of a breadwinner father, homemaker mother, and several children, all living in homes in the suburbs on the outskirts of a larger city. It was a narrow view of a model family, yet it pervaded the media and was widely accepted as the ideal and most normal† ( p.20). Today, the dynamic of the American family structure is much different. Bishop (1991, p 23 ) stated that â€Å"In the 1990s there are still traditional families with parents and children, but the definition of a family has broadened considerably. Children are raised by many varieties of caring adults: single parents, grandparents, kin-networks, homosexual couples, and others. Even traditional appearing families are often blended families of children from different biological parents.† African American families have similar dynamics. Billingsley (1968, p. 36) â€Å"identified three categories of African American families: primary families (e.g., two-parent), extended families (e.g., other relatives, in-laws), and augmented families (e.g., nonrelated individuals).† The structure of the African American family has not remained static over the years. According to Tucker and Mitchell-Kernan (1995) African American women are now twice as likely to maintain families solely then they were in 1940. Another trend involves women heading the household. According to Darity and Myers (1995, p. 1), â€Å"The rise in female-headed families among African Americans has been swift. Twenty-eight percent of African American families were headed by women in 1970, and 46% were female headed. This data make it clear that patterns of African American family formation have undergone substantial change over the past 50  years in a number of important aspects. The absence of fathers from the homes has been associated with delinqu ency. According to Auletta, â€Å"living in single-mother household has been suggested as a contributing factor in the development of adolescent problem behaviors† (p.23). There are other concerns with the African American family that involve marriage. According to Tucker and Mitchell-Kernan (1995), â€Å"the proportion of African American women and men who marry has declined by 20% over the past 50 years, compared to the general population that has remained steady. The combined impact of delayed marriage, more non-marriage, high divorce rates, and a high rate of births out of wedlock are observed as having a profound effect on family formation in the African American community. Four out of every 10 African American families have a woman maintaining the family without the support of another adult. These trends are directly related to the well being of African American families and communities. Unemployment In the African American community there are several challenges for young African American males. The lack of jobs has a lot to do with poverty and continues to plague the African American community. According to McAdoo (p. 15), High rates of unemployment have had a profound impact upon the African-American community. Discrimination, inequalities in hiring and recessions, plant closings, the removal of high paying, industrial and manufacturing jobs to rural America and Third World countries have removed a number of African-American males from the urban employment sector. Historically, the rate of unemployment among African-American men has been twice that of White America. On the east coast the unemployment rates are even more disproportionate. Currently in major urban cities like Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New York, 35-55% of African-American males between the ages of 18 and 35 are unemployed (National Urban League, 2005). According to Dubowitz (1999), â€Å"Currently 24.4% of African-Americans live in poverty as compared to only 8.2% of Whites and 22.5% of Hispanics.†(p.55)† There have been other studies that reveal males are more likely to remove themselves from their family when they are unable to provide financial support (Livingston McAdoo, 1993). For African-American Families, and African-American male children in particular, high rates of male unemployment can create a context of fatherlessness, economic  instability, poverty, hopelessness characterized of manifested in children by low expectations, increased rates of high school drop out, and high rates of delinquency, which eventually assist in maintaining the context of persistent poverty (McAdoo, 1993). Unemployment can create multiple mental and psychological problems for African American male students Drugs in the African American Community There is an increased concerned about drugs in the African American community. In the African American community, children endure the most pain when fathers or brothers are missing because they are in jail. According to Newman (2005), â€Å"One reason why many fathers cant be with their families is because of this countrys misguided war on drugs. Of the 2 million people behind bars in America, more than 450,000 are there for drug offenses. While drug abuse doesnt discriminate, our drug policies do.† (pg12), Another statistic indicate that African Americans are more likely to go to jail for drug offences. According to Newman (2005,), â€Å"Despite roughly equal drug use between African-Americans and Whites, African-Americans are 13 times more likely to go to jail for drugs than Whites. In New York, 93% of the people in jail under the Rockefeller drug laws are African-American and Latino. Offering people treatment and help instead of incarceration for their drug addictions woul d not only save this country much-needed resources, it would help keep thousands of fathers with their families.†(pg12) There is another puzzling situation in the low-income African American community related to drugs. There are higher risk factors that create an environment more conducive to drug abuse and incarceration. According to Schensul (2005, p.39), â€Å"The drug use of low-income African American emerging adults is more troublesome because those protective factors associated with the role changes that mark emerging adulthood in middle class white youths and many youths of color are not necessarily available to poor young people.† These statistics reflect a correlation between income, drugs, and possible incarceration. Schensul (2005) noted that urban low-income youths experience many of the same developmental transitions as their middle-class counterparts. Some of the factors that promote drug use include increased residential instability, expanded and diversified social networks, exposure to high risk settings, and negative  social influences that support and promote the use of drugs and alcohol. However, urban students are subject to inadequate primary and secondary school education, family stressors stemming from the vagaries of impoverishment and government social policies, limited local professional role models, and few job opportunities that guarantee salaries and benefits above the poverty level. Material goods can also play a key role in the lifestyle of young African American males. According to McCord, J. (1990,), Sometimes there are families struggle that are related to school life (fashionable clothing and social life) but may not be able to do so for emerging adults whose financial needs are increasing. Selling marijuana is an option for intermittent income supplementation, and many youths have friends or relatives who are in a position to supply them with small amounts from time to time. Once involved in drug selling networks, youths can move to selling additional drugs if they believe it is reasonable to accept the associated risks. This means that students are willing to take unnecessary risk.(pg 35). Crime and Violence in the African American Community In the African American community there is a mistrust of law enforcement. According to McCord, (1990), Unlike suburban White youths, however, African American and Latino youths are targets for street violence, arrest, and police harassment and abuse. Once imprisoned, or on parole as adults, their institutional record may preclude voting and render them ineligible for employment opportunities. Imprisonment may introduce them to gang members or prospective customers. (p. 44) Studies also revealed that certain minority youth are at greater risk for violent behaviors. According to Fitzpatrick and LaGory (2000,), â€Å"Specifically, African-American adolescents are more likely than White, Hispanic, or Asian youth to instigate physical fighting and weapon-related violence and to suffer both fatal and nonfatal injuries from physical assaults. Not only are minority youth at greater risk for victimization by aggressive peers, they are more likely to perpetrate violence.†(p. 21) African Americans are at higher risk to have more fatal injuries than Whites. This results in higher homicide rates. Many prominent African Americans have shown concern about young African American students. The most notable of the critics, Bill  Cosby, has been vocal regarding the number of African-American men who are incarcerated and the growing number of poor African-American children who are being raised by irresponsible parents. Cosby publicly chastised many in the African-American community for not doing enough to deal with critical problems and issues, such as illiteracy, poverty, crime and violence, which remain challenges in the African American community. Cosby told a packed crowd gathered at a 50th anniversary celebration commemorating the Brown v. Board of Education decision â€Å"the ladies and gentleman of the lower economic people are not holding up their end in this deal. These people are not parenting. They are buying things for kids — $500 sneakers for what? And yet they wont spend $200 for Hooked on Phonics (Watson, 2004, p. 10), Even though Cosby’s statements were harsh, they created a debate, which stirred conversation in the African American community. Incarceration According to Kunjufu (2001, p. 15 ), â€Å"over the past twenty years there has been a decline in violent crime in the United States. But in the African American community there has been an opposite trend. There are several factors that cause these trends, including poverty, family structure, high unemployment rates, crime, drugs and education.† Kunjufu also reported that African-American males in juvenile detention centers and prison have increased in recent years. Each year, thousands of young boys are placed in detention centers and adult facilities. Although African American males comprise only about 6% of the population of the, they represent over 50% of the penal population (Kunjufu, 2001). There are several other statistics that prove alarming to the African American community and the rest of the citizens in the United States. According, to Kunjufu â€Å"Currently one in three Africans American males between the ages of 20-29 is either in jail or on probation. The overwhelming majority of these men have been arrested and detained due to drug convictions.† (p. 26), Another statistic is that there are major inequities when it comes to sentencing of African American males. According to Livingston and Nahimana, â€Å"inequities in sentencing have lead to longer jail and prison terms for these young men at the most malleable period in their development. The return into the drug trade and the life of crime becomes a viable choice for many of these young men, accounting for the high rates of recidivism for  young African American males† (p.11). This is alarming because of high unemployment and limited education as well as the fact that prior conviction can lead to long term prison. The incarceration of African American males has had a dynamic effect on the community. According to Arias (2007), â€Å"The overwhelmingly high rate of incarceration among African-American men in America is striking a blow not only to the health and well-being of those men but also to their families and communities.† (p.20) This study reported that 12% of young African American males between the ages of 20-39 have been taken out of the household. This places a tremendous strain on African American women to take care of the household. Another staggering statistic is that only 62 percent of African American males graduate from high school. According to National Urban League Panel (2005, p.1), On average, only 62 percent of African-American males graduate from high school with their original class. African-American males make up only 6 percent of the United States population, but 40 percent of the prison population. Forty percent of those African-American inmates are between the ages of 17 and 26. (National Urban League Panel,). The age group between 17 and 26 is the age group that will likely attend college. If these current trends continue, there will be a tremendous increase in the number of African American males incarcerated. According to Pluviose (2006,)â€Å"by 2020, if current trends hold, that figure will rise to more than 65 percent for African-American men between the ages of 20 and 29.† (p. 22), These figures illustrate a tremendous need for employment and educational programs. The prison rate of African American males has had substantial economic impact on the African-American community. According to Holmes and Hughes (2003, p. 44), â€Å"incarceration rates in the United States, prison and jail inmates at midyear in 2002, reported that 12.9% of African-American males between the ages of 25 and 29 were incarcerated.† Segregated Schools What would Horace Mann think about the state of education today? Horace Mann was the father of the American school system. According to Hubbard (2005), Horace Mann believed that the common schools should be available to everyone. He wanted them to be available to people that were rich, poor, and of different backgrounds. As mentioned earlier Brown vs. the Board of Education was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which outlawed racial segregation within public education facilities. In Brown II, the Supreme Court delegated the task of carrying out the desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur with all deliberate speed† (The United States, 1954). The current challenge that urban education face is called the No Child Left Behind Act. According to The United States Department of Education (2007) â€Å"No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (Public Law 107-110), commonly known as NCLB, is a United States federal law that was passed in the House of Representatives on May 23, 2001. This law was signed on January 8, 2002, and reauthorized a number of federal programs aiming to improve the performance of United States primary and secondary schools by increasing the standards of accountability for states, school districts and schools, as well as providing parents more flexibility in choosing which schools their children would attend. Additionally, NCLB promotes an increased focus on reading and re-authorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (NCLB, 2007). One of the many challenges with No Child Left Behind is that the goals are commendable, but the expectations are unreasonable because of the deterioration of the urban schools school district. The next challenge in urban education the education of African American males. According to Misani (2007,) nationally between one-half and two-thirds of African male students drop out of school. In addition, the research disclosed a 65 percent dropout rate in Chicago, with only 35 percent of African-American male students graduating from high school. In New York, the dropout rate is 74 percent, with merely 26 percent of African-American male students graduating.† p. 34) This is a tragic situation in urban schools when nearly seventy five percent of the African American male students are not graduating. According to Smith (2005, p. 27), â€Å"the drop out rates for African American males in metropolitan areas is well over 50 percent. Another trend is that some African American males believe that it is easier to drop out than to complete high school Bowye (2007, p.3) stated, It is  most disturbing that dropping out of high school is more common than graduating from high school for children of color. Focusing on another disconcerting trend within the community for African-American young men, Dr. Hodge pointed out: Going to jail is becoming the common experience for children of color (Misani, 2007, p.35). If African American children continue to think this way, many are headed for prison and the crime rate will steadily increase in these areas. There is also a problem when it comes to the placement of African American males in education. There are disproportionate numbers of African American males placed in special education and suspended from school. According to Rodney and Crafter (1999, p.185), â€Å"Nationally African American males score lower than any other groups on standardized test and are three times more likely than their Caucasian American counterparts to be misplaced in special education or classes for slow learners.† When situations like this continue to occur students feel neglected and are more likely to drop out of school. Many African American students think that the American educational system is unfair. According to Misani (2007, p. 34), African-American boys are disproportionately and inappropriately assigned to special education classes, expelled and suspended from school, and underrepresented in college preparatory classes. Consequently the study concluded: Many of those who graduate are not prepared for college or further educational training. (Misani, 2007 p.34) African American males represent 8.6 % of the nation’s public students in 2000-2001, but in some districts, they make up as much as 41 percent of the special education population (Smith, 2005).