The Poem The 13th Warrior And Beowulf - 993 Words

The Anglo-Saxon s wrote an epic poem more than 1200 years ago. Around 1997, The 13th Warrior, a movie, was created based on Michael s Crichton s best-selling novel Eaters of the Dead. In the movie and the epic poem, tell the life of people who fight evil beings and evil things to protect their home, land, and property. In both renditions many battles took place. In the poem Beowulf only had three battles but in the movie there was four. Another battle once they all came home. I guess to show that there were always be new battles to fight. There would always be new evils to fight. The 13th Warrior and Beowulf, despite their many similarities, the battles had differences in location, weapons, and the people who were involved. The first battle takes place in the same spot in the movie and in the poem. Beowulf is called Buliwyf in the movie. Both groups of people, Beowulf and Buliwyf went to help Hrothgar s people and to protect the people at Mead Hall. In the epic poem of Beowulf and th e movie, The 13th Warrior, the second and third battle took place underground in caves where they had to fight an evil woman. In the book I am assuming this is Grendel’s mother, the evil woman who is mad that they killed her only son. The locations in the epic poem and the movie seem similar but the more that I thought about it and analyze both of the sources they are very different. The biggest difference I noticed is the amount of battles. Beowulf contained three battles,Show MoreRelatedBeowulf and the 13th Warrior Comparison885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Comparison of â€Å"Beowulf† and â€Å"13th Warrior† Beowulf is an epic poem written a long time ago. The 13th Warrior is pretty much a movie based on Beowulf but not exactly. The two pieces of literature both shared a lot of differences and similarities as well. The 13th Warrior offered a more realistic, believable, and more understanding of the epic tale of Beowulf. It’s a short story covering the bases of a triumphant hero battling three supernatural monsters. But there had a lot of theatrical remakeRead More Comparing Beowulf and Michael Crichtons The 13th Warrior Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Beowulf and Michael Crichtons The 13th Warrior Michael Crichton intertwined some aspects of Beowulf with his own thoughts to produce the drama, â€Å"The 13th Warrior.† Beowulf, written down by an unnamed Christian monk in the 8th century, served as a framework for the plot of â€Å"The 13th Warrior.† Beowulf and â€Å"The 13th Warrior† have many differences but the similarities that they share are more abundant through out the two pieces. Instead of doing a direct translation of Beowulf, the writerRead MoreComparing Beowulf, The Wanderer, And The 13th Warrior1731 Words   |  7 Pagesepic hero are the literary characters in Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The 13th Warrior. These are all outstanding examples of Anglo-Saxon epic heroes because they all came to show the evident characteristics bravery, loyalty, friendship. In the Anglo-Saxon culture and literature, the meaning of to be a hero was to be a warrior and or a strong being. A hero also had to possess the vast characteristics of being strong, intelligent, and courageous. All warriors of Anglo-Saxon culture and literatureRead MoreBeowulf And The 13th Warrior Analysis757 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf, written by an unknown author, is the epic telling of a noble warrior named Beowulf who fights monsters and dragons. The 13th Warrior, a film about a banished Arab man who travels north and experiences a Viking life. Although different in some aspects, Beowulf and The 13th Warrior closely parallel in their structure and perspective to reflect Anglo-Saxon cultural and societal values. Beowulf begins and ends with a scene depicting the traditional and grand burial found in Anglo-Saxon cultureRead MoreComparison Between Beowulf And The 13th Warrior1691 Words   |  7 PagesCaitlin Williams World Literature April 27, 2015 Christopher Tamigi Comparing different Religions in Beowulf and The 13th Warrior Religions play various different roles throughout literature, the most common one I think of is Christianity. We will discuss what the role of Religion is in Beowulf translated by Seamus Heaney and the role in the movie The 13th Warrior. Christianity, Islam, and Anglo-Saxon Paganism are the various Religions’ that are expressed in both the literature and the movieRead MoreComparing Similarities Between Beowulf And The 13th Warrior1976 Words   |  8 PagesComparing different Faith’s in Beowulf and The 13th Warrior There are many different roles that faith plays in classic literature, you probably think of one of the various forms of Christianity. We will discuss what the role of faith is in Beowulf translated by Seamus Heaney and the role in the movie The 13th Warrior. Christianity, Islam, and Anglo-Saxon Paganism are the various faith’s that are expressed in both the literature and the film. Since both works are similar, but also different we willRead MoreThroughout History Numerous People Have Had The Label Of1985 Words   |  8 Pagesadmired or idolized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. In modern day society, categorizing someone as a hero is more uncommon than in the 12th and 13th century, where these heroes emerged as warriors and knights in great battles. These battles are often produced into literature and are commonly seen within epic poems, meaning a long and serious poetic narrative featuring a hero in a variety of significant events. In order to be considered an epic hero, the characters must conquerRead MoreThe Periodization of the History of Western Europe1669 Words   |  7 Pageslanded aristocracy, which also controlled the military. This feudal system was based of personal relationships like kingship and patronage rather than abstract institutions like bureaucracies and corporations (Singman 1). High nobles in England in the 13th Century with an income of 5,000 pounds per years were earning five hundred times more than the poor, and even though landless knights existed there was still a tremendous gulf between commoners and the elite. Aristocrats were about 1% of the populationRead MoreLiterature Reflecting Religious and Political Ideals3433 Words   |  14 PagesEach of these four texts represents a distinct period of history, with Beowulf depicting the Norse and Anglo-Saxon heroes of the Early Middle Ages (500-1000 AD), before the Norman Conquest of Britain in 1066. In this era, England and northern Europe were in the process of becoming Christianized and Beowulf was originally the story of a pagan hero with supernatural powers who had been turned into a Christian knight and holy warrior by the time the story was written down in the 9th Century. His missionRead MoreWhat Makes an Epic Hero Essay1823 Words   |  8 Pagesepic hero? Although we would like to believe that a hero would always be there to save us as needed, that is not always the case. All heroes are different, but what makes them epic? Many would answer that question by saying because they are in an epic poem or story; however, that answer isn’t true. An epic hero, of course is in an epic narrative, but it is what they accomplish in that specific text. First, an epic hero has to make a grand journey and be in the Gods favor or shall we say the chosen one

Gender Roles, Stereotyping and Gender Bias Essay - 2273 Words

Gender affects every aspect of our life, from how we feel about ourselves and set our goals in educational, recreational and work opportunities as well as the the nature and extent of our participation in social and civic life. It has a strong impact on the way we practice our religion, the way we dress, the way we express our feelings and the nature of all of our relationships with others. This paper explores various facets of gender roles in order to understand this topic such as what role males and females are expected to play in todays society, how gender roles are decided, affected and exaggerated by stereotyping. Futhermore, this paper will draw attention towards how stereotyping leads to gender biases. What is Gender†¦show more content†¦An individual can either identify themselves with a subculture or social group which results in them having diverse gender roles. Today when a human baby is born the first question that is asked is Is it a boy or a girl? In human culture the answer to this question is gigantically significant. This definition of femaleness or maleness is the hypothesis of the society which assumes that the child who is born a girl will remain female forever, while a boy will be a male. Gender roles are created by society and vary from society to society as it takes all sorts to make a world. It does not matter where ever you are in the world its just society which assigns the gender roles without even having enough knowledge about ones gender identity. We living in 21st century but when it comes to gender role orientation we are in total chaos. Gender identity : Most non- Western societies have three human genders man ,woman and third gender. In the West, gender is consider to be the same as ones sex identity and there are only two valid options male or female. Any gender variation , other than male or female gender is treated as disease or abnormalities or gender disorder e.g homosexual, bisexualShow MoreRelatedGender Stereotyping And Gender Stereotypes848 Words   |  4 PagesGender stereotyping is one of the most controversial topics in the field of education. Professionals are constantly trying to find efficient and effective ways to monitor not only teachers and administrators, but the students as well, to be sure that gender stereotyping and gender biases are kept to the minimum within the school environment. With the goal of neither gender biases nor gender stereotyping in the school system, higher educational professionals constantly seek and research to find waysRead MoreThe Egg And The Sperm By Emily Martin910 Words   |  4 Pag esthroughout the conversation of language in science indiscreetly displays gender bias towards women, aiding the theories that Martin addresses in her article. 2. Introduction paragraph: †¢ Introduce, Emily Martin’s article The Egg and the Sperm. Martin’s main goal is to shine a light on gender stereotypes hidden in the language of biology (Martin 1). Explain the gender roles in scientific language. Three main points of the article, Gender bias is seen in an early age in science textbooks, science demonstratesRead MoreThe Egg And The Sperm : How Science Has Constructed A Romance1168 Words   |  5 PagesMale-Female Roles† to show the world that there is gender stereotyping not only in our culture but also scientific language as well (Martin, 39). In reproductive roles males are depicted as the heroic warrior who go on missions to get to females, while women are seen as wasteful and passive, not working nearly as hard as the men. Not only does science exhibit females in such a derogatory aspect, but it’s teaching children in early age science textbooks the gender bias as well. Scientific stereotyping seemsRead MoreGender Stereotyping S tandards For Men And Women Across America909 Words   |  4 PagesGender stereotyping sets standards for men and women across America, this being true for the past few hundred years. It is not secret that women are said to be most useful in the kitchen, and that men are to be found somewhere doing hard work, being the bread winner. Also, in the way we allow our young children to be identified; blue means it’s a boy, pink means it’s a girl. As times change, so does society and its mentality as a whole. Some stereotypes have been more difficult to break than othersRead MoreGender Roles in Childrens Books1034 Words   |  5 Pages GENDER REPRESENTATION AND STEREOTYPING IN 7 for the years pre-1970 presented male to female ratios of 4.0:1 in titles, 2.6:1 in central roles, and 1.6:1 in pictures (Kortenhaus Demarest, 1993). The Caldecott books for the years post-1970 had more equal ratios of 1.2:1 for titles, 1.2:1 for central roles, and 1.1:1 in pictures. The non-award books showed similar ratios. This is a significant decrease from the male to female ratios in Weitzman’s study of Caldecott books in 1972. This study resultedRead MoreGender Bias In The Recruitment Process At Job Fairs1270 Words   |  5 PagesGender Bias in the Recruitment Process at Job Fairs Chapter 1: Problem Definition Administrative Research Problem Background Gender bias is problematic for organizations that wish to increase innovation and avoid legal problems due to their hiring practices. Federal law requires that hiring practices do not exclude persons based on their gender, race, ethnicity, or any other category to which they belong. Hiring must be based solely on the persons ability and suitability for the jobRead MoreMedia Portrayal Of Gender Stereotypes1268 Words   |  6 Pages Gender stereotyping is usually used in media to improve character traits and create humorous circumstances. When stereotypes are present in popular television shows, audience assume those messages of gender, making it difficult to counter stereotypical behavior. This paper emphasis on gender roles in popular media and it’s important for analysts and educators to identify stereotypical interpretations. Using feminist theory, media depictions can be understood and studiedRead MoreThe Influence Of Afrocentric Facial, Criminal Sentencing, By Irene V. Blair Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Research and also the Associate Editor for the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Her research mainly focuses on stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination. Her research mainly drills down about the underlying subtle or implicit processes of previously mentioned topics. Her current research topics are regarding issues in health care and how social biases plays a role in it. Charles M. Judd has acquired his Ph.D. from the Columbia University in 1976, he is with the Department of PsychologyRead MoreGender Stereotyping : A Televised Media Sports Coverage1332 Words   |  6 Pages Gender Stereotyping in Internationally Televised Media Sports Coverage Anonymous University of Arizonaâ€Æ' Abstract Sports fans usually acknowledge various sports through different mass media outlets. To develop our comprehension of social qualities inserted in sports and to investigate current values and power structures in regards to men and women, it is important to explore the potential impact that media may have in manipulating conventions about gender-appropriate sport conduct. One questionRead More Interview With Men In Non-Traditional Roles Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pages Men In Non-Traditional Roles nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This paper takes a look into the lives of three males breaking out of their gender stereotyped roles in society. These males avoid the boundaries traditional thinking has tried to impose on them and embark on their own as what they like to call quot;pioneers in the mens equality movement.quot; Introduction: The Mennbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;First off, this paper will introduce the three quot;pioneersquot;;

Lawn Industry of Pakistan Free Essays

string(115) " as related to price, quality, sales, marketing, culture and lifestyle and trends of already existing lawn brands\." Letter of Acknowledgement Ms. Saadiyeh Saad Course Convener Methods of Business Research CBM – Karachi. Dear Madam, As per instructions, we are submittings this case-study like research report on Lawn Industry of Pakistan discussing the factors impacting the intensification of lawn fabrics in Pakistan. We will write a custom essay sample on Lawn Industry of Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now We would like to thank you for being so helpful and supportive in the teaching us this subject in such a manner that after its completion, our concepts are literally clear regarding various methodologies involved in researches. Beyond any doubt, it is just an outcome of your comprehensive and procedural approach of teaching that we have made this report without scantiness of any kind. We are really obliged for your support, Madam. Regards, Nasir R. Zaidi Pakistan Business Research (PBR) is a nation wide advisory services agency and market research firm. Primarily, it focuses on assisting retail industry executives and vendors serving retailers to achieve competitive differentiation and market success through business-driven short term investments. PBR provides facts based research and customer centric strategies to enable better offerings from vendors and more effective business investments by retailers. PBR helps clients gain clarity, obtain precise perspective and formulate course of action on critical business issues. Founded in 2009 by a group of IoBM Grads, PBR provides custom marketing research, syndicated research and evidence-based consulting to leading organizations in the financial services, life sciences and consumer goods industries. Through quality research, advanced analytics and deep industry knowledge, PBR delivers data-driven solutions and strategies that enable clients to better understand customers, define products, and shape market opportunities in order to increase revenues and grow the value of their products and brands. PBR’s Key Services: Since its inception in 2009, PBR has providing services of a full-fledge research firm that specializes in helping companies understand current customers, lost customers, potential customers and employees (internal customers) and track the factors that affect customer satisfaction, loyalty, awareness, and purchasing behaviors. Undergoing rapid developments since its establishment in 2009, PBR is a market research company  with already many standing client relationships in place and a strategic plan for strong and consistent growth. Core Values: Invest in continuous learning to improve the quality of work and the development of our employees Exhibit an ethical â€Å"can-do† attitude and practice what we preach. Form lasting partnerships with our customers and suppliers; Foster a rewarding and fun environment for employees; Further our commitment to the community. Provide products and services that exceed our clients’ expectations in terms of accuracy, quality and timeliness. Brand Research Consulting: Brands play a critical role in purchase decision making. They are the customer-facing expression of your business strategy. So why do so many companies know so little about their brands? Whether you are just starting to define your  brand  or you have an established brand that you are  managing – accurate and timely information is available only through  adequate brand research. PBR’s  branding research  concentrates on six key areas to give the critical information you need to manage your brand; 1. Creating a new brand strategy 2. Understanding how far your brand can stretch 3. Brand architecture 4. Brand management 5. Revitalizing brands 6. Brand positioning New Products / Services Research: The failure rate of  new product  launches is very high. Some estimates are that less than 20% of new products succeed! In order to increase your chances of new product success, turn to Pakistan Business Research (PBR). Our experience in marketing research for identifying, developing and launching new products is second to none. Using both qualitative and quantitative research, we can help you identify customer dissatisfaction and unmet needs, generate and screen new product concepts, evaluate market feasibility (demand and value), identify compelling marketing benefits and messages and track introduction, awareness and trial. Introducing new products without marketing research is like driving blind – much too risky! In short, just let PBR help you navigate your way to successful product introduction. Additional Areas of Expertise Advanced Statistical Analyses: PBR has an on-site online module to conduct  advanced statistical functions  such as multiple regression (driver analysis), cluster analysis, factor analysis, perceptual mapping (multidimensional scaling), structural equation modeling and data mining. Marketing Surveys: In addition to our market research specialties, PBR is well experienced in conducting different types of marketing research including all types of Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer research studies, advertising effectiveness, attitude testing, marketing effectiveness, market segmentation, positioning and a lot more. Pragmatic Execution: Our business research can help you not only design but also execute the best possible marketing surveys taking into consideration which aspects of your marketing efforts are being measured, available contact information, market segment, market size and structure, available budget etc. PBR’s Marketing Research Process: Our marketing research process  includes the systematic identification, collection, analysis and distribution of information for the purpose of knowledge development and decision making. The reasons and times at which your company or organization might consider performing marketing research varies, but the general purpose of gaining intelligence for decision making remains constant throughout. Customers occupy the central role in the marketing research process. As a company or organization, the overwhelming majority of research you are currently considering likely revolves around your customers: †¢ Current customers †¢ Prospective customers †¢ Lost customers †¢ Members †¢ Community †¢ Employees (internal customers) Shareholders (internal customers) Whether you are creating a new marketing research program or perhaps revising an existing marketing research program, what are the steps you should take? While there are dozens of little steps along the way, each of these steps fits into one of the 6 major steps of the marketing research process. They are; Step 1: Identifying and define the problem Step 2: Develop the approach Step 3: Establis h research design and strategy Step 4: Collect the data Step 4: Perform data analysis Step 5: Report and present Problem Definition – The Case : PBR’s two month old client, KOHINOOR TEXTILES wanted to invest some money into opening a seasonal lawn boutique brand. KOHINOOR TEXTILES was aware that rigorous market research and analysis would be required in order to determine potential for such a venture as related to price, quality, sales, marketing, culture and lifestyle and trends of already existing lawn brands. You read "Lawn Industry of Pakistan" in category "Industry" The client, already possessing a favourable market share in fashion industry, had noticed that the demand of lawn products was on the increase during Spring and Summer seasons and a larger number of brands were on a sharp growth pattern when other smaller competitors sprung up and began taking some of the market share. Yet this client also noted that out of 10 or 15 such lawn manufacturing companies, only about 3 or 4 were highly successful. So we were brought in and asked, what factors make lawn exhibitions so successful? – Is the demand ever increasing? – Is the supply meeting the demand? – Is this only seasonal or is it a year round trend? And lastly, would a lump-some investment towards manufacturing and selling high quality lawn be fruitful for a firm? Developing the Approach: With these queries and predicaments in mind, PBR called upon some its most outstanding and proactive researchers to help KOHINOOR TEXTILES embark on a journey to launch their lawn prints. The team consisted of: Mr. Nasir ZaidiDirector – Research Affairs (PBR) Mr. Salman AnisManaging Director – Analysis (PBR) Mr. Ahsan Rasheed Head – Research Coordinator (PBR) Mr. Hassan GhoriResearch Method Analyst (PBR) Establishing Research Objective Design: The research objective was to find what factors were making lawn exhibitions so successful? After lengthy discussions, it was decided that it would be best to get into the customers’ mind directly (primary research) about what makes lawn exhibitions so successful. The team sat together to construct a way of finding out facts on the growing trends of lawn and the entire fashion industry at the same time. After a lot of deliberations and keeping in view the dynamic state of affairs in lawn industry, it was decided that the target market was ALL WOMEN FALLING IN 18+ AGE RANGE. With further more analysis and options, the following questionnaire was constructed for a survey of a sample of a 100 (hundred) women. Questionnaire We, the final year students of College of Business Management (CBM), are conducting a research into â€Å"HOW BRANDED LAWN IS TURNING INTO AN INDUSTRY† and the â€Å"INCREASING TREND OF LAWN CULTURE IN PAKISTAN†. We shall be thankful if you can spare two minutes of your time and fill this short questionnaire. 1. Never ask a woman her age, but what’s your ‘age range’? a. 16-25________ b. 26-30________ c. 31-35________ d. 36+________ 2. You are currently†¦ a. In school________ b. In college________ c. Employed________ d. A housewife________ 3. In the recent past, how many Lawn Exhibitions have you attended? . 1 – 2________ b. 3 – 4________ c. 5 – 6________ d. 7 and above________ 4. Do you prefer Lawn over other fabrics? a. Yes________ b. No________ c. Depends on the occasion________ d. Only in summers________ 5. Which one of the following factors according to YOU makes Lawn Exhibitions so successful? a. Price____ ____ b. Quality________ c. Availability________ d. Advertisement________ e. Other (please specify) 6. What is the Maximum Price you are willing to pay for a Lawn suit? a. 1’000 – 1’999 PKR________ b. 2’000 – 2’999 PKR________ c. 3’000 – 3’999 PKR________ d. ’000 – 4’999 PKR________ 7. Lawn is best for†¦ a. Formal occasions________ b. Casual wear________ c. Mix of both a b________ d. Daily use________ 8. How many hours would you say you watch Fashion TV or Style 360 in any given week? a. Don’t watch either________ b. 1 – 7 hours________ c. 8 – 14 hours________ d. 15 + hours________ 9. Which factor has affected / influenced your Lawn buying behavior the most, if at all? (Choose the best option) a. Plain necessity________ b. Media________ c. Growth in the Fashion Industry________ d. Need for purchase of high quality products________ 10. Does television have a direct affect on your buying behavior? a. Never________ b. Rarely________ c. Sometimes________ d. Definitely! ________ 11. What’s your opinion towards Bollywood stars endorsing products of a Pakistani Lawn manufacturer? a. That’s a good thing________ b. Whatever helps sell merchandise†¦________ c. Neutral________ d. It shouldn’t happen†¦ Pakistan Zindabad! ________ 12. What’s the number one source to hearing about so many exhibitions? a. Friends________ b. Television________ c. Billboards________ d. Radio________ 13. Is there a limited availability of high quality lawn? . Yes________ b. No________ c. There are plenty of copies in the market________ 14. Which Lawn manufacturer according to you is the best? (please write down your answer) __________________________________________ 15. What are the two main reasons (in your viewpoint) that have caused a significant increase in the number of high quality lawn manufacturers and the growth of lawn exhibitions in the Pakistani market? a. Increase in demand! ________ b. People becoming more aware of their physical presence________ c. Increasing number of occasions to attend! ________ d. It’s too hot for wearing other clothing material________ e. Any other (please specify)______ 16. Which one of the following exhibitions HAVE YOU attended thus far in 2010? (Please place a ‘tick-mark’) JOFA (HSY) MAUSUMMERY GUL AHMED SONIA BATLA AL KARAM SOBIA NAZIR LAKHANI LAWN SANA SAFINAZ MARIA B. V9 LAWN PRINTS JUNAID JAMSHED FIRDOUS 17. Which Lawn exhibitions DID YOU attend in the year 2009? (Please place a ‘check-mark’) JOFA (HSY)MAUSUMMERY GUL AHMED SONIA BATLA AL KARAMSOBIA NAZIR LAKHANI LAWNSANA SAFINAZ MARIA B. V9 LAWN PRINTS JUNAID JAMSHEDFIRDOUS 8. Rate the following Lawn Exhibitions, only those you have attended, on a scale of 1-5 (1 being the worst possible rating and 5 being the best) based upon price, quality, and design of each, in YOUR mind! (please ‘circle’ your choices) V9 Lawn Prints (Vaneeza Ahmed): Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 Mausummery: Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 Gul Ahmed (Ideas): Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 Junaid Jamshed: Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 JOFA (HSY): Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 Sana Safinaz: Price1 2345 Quality1 2345 Design1 2345 Data Collection: With the questionnaire complete, it was time for collecting data from a total sample population of 100 (hundred) women. The objective was to collect data from school and college going girls as well as go a to a lawn exhibition itself to gather data through a survey! The response was overwhelming as it took just an hour to get 50 forms filled in the College of Business Management (CBM) alone although, the remaining were filled at Vaneeza’s V9 Lawn Prints Exhibition which was quite trivial yet fascinating! For the results of the research carried out, lets go to Data Analysis which is self-explanatory. In the recent past, how many Lawn Exhibitions have you attended? [pic] Do you prefer Lawn over other fabrics? Which one of the following factors according to YOU makes Lawn Exhibitions so successful? What is the Maximum Price you are willing to pay for a Lawn suit? Lawn is best for†¦ How many hours would you say you watch Fashion TV or Style 360 in any given week? Which factor has affected / influenced your Lawn buying behavior the most, if at all? Does television have a direct affect on your buying behavior? What’s your opinion towards Bollywood Stars endorsing products of a Pakistani Lawn manufacturer? What’s the number one source to hearing about so many exhibitions? Which Lawn manufacturer according to you is the best? What are the two main reasons (in your viewpoint) that have caused a significant increase in the number of high quality lawn manufacturers and the growth of lawn exhibitions in the Pakistani market? Quality of V9 prints in view of women: Price of V9 prints in view of women: Price of Mausummery prints in view of women: Quality of Mausummery prints in view of women: Price of Gul Ahmed prints in view of women: [pic] Quality of Gul Ahmed prints in view of women: [pic] Price of Junaid Jamshed prints in view of women: [pic] Quality of Junaid Jamshed prints in view of women: [pic] Price of Jofa (HSY) prints in view of women: [pic] Quality of Jofa (HSY) prints in view of women: [pic] Price of Sana Safinaz prints in view of women: [pic] Quality of Sana Safinaz prints in view of women: [pic] Hypothesis Testing H0: People attending exhibition in 2010 has increased than in 2009 HA: People attending exhibition in 2010 has not increased than in 2009 [pic] H0: Attending Exhibitions and watching television are dependent HA: Attending Exhibitions and watching television are independent Significance Level: 5% Test Statistics: Chi-Square test on independence [pic] [pic] How many hours would you say you watch Fashion TV or Style 360 in any given week? [pic] As P0. 05 therefore we donot reject Ho Conclusion: As the test that the given data provides sufficient evidence to conclude that attending a lawn exhibition depends upon the watching Fashion TV or Style 360 Ho: There is no preference of lawn with regards to age H1: There is preference of lawn with regards to age Significance Level: 5% Test Statistic: Chi-Square test on independence Case Processing Summary | | |Cases | | |Valid |Missing |Total | | | |Count | | | |Do you prefer Lawn over other fabrics |Total | | | |YES |NO | |Pearson Chi-Square |12. 961a |9 |. 164 | |Likelihood Ratio |13. 120 |9 |. 157 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |2. 670 |1 |. 02 | |N of Valid Cases |89 | | | |a. 12 cells (75. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is . 45. | | | |Symmetric Measures | | | |Value |Asy mp. Std. |Approx. Tb | | | | |Errora | | |a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. |b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. | |c. Based on normal approximation. | As P0. 05 therefore we do not reject H0 Conclusion: The test suggests that there is preference with regard to age. H0: People seek high quality lawn when paying the price HA: People are willing to pay the price for any quality of lawn |Case Processing Summary | | |Cases | | |Valid Missing |Total | | | |Count | | | |Is there a limited availability of high quality lawn |Total | | | |Yes |No |There are | | | | | |plenty of | | | | | |copies in the | | | | | |market | |Chi-Square Tests | | |Value |df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)| |Pearson Chi-Square |8. 791a |6 |. 186 | |Likelihood Ratio |9. 176 |6 |. 164 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |. 45 |1 |. 358 | |N of Valid Cases |90 | | | |a. 6 cells (50. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is . 26. | |Symmetric Measures | | | |Va lue |Asymp. Std. |Approx. Tb | | | | |Errora | | |a. Not assuming the null hypothesis. | |b. Using the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis. | |c. Based on normal approximation. | [pic] As P0. 05 do not reject H0 Conclusion: People seek high quality lawn when paying the price H0: Sources of media hearing about exhibitions has increased attendance in exhibition in 2010 H0: Sources of media hearing about exhibitions has not increased attendance in exhibition in 2010 Significance Level: 5% Test Statistic: Chi-square test of independence |Chi-Square Tests | | |Value |df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)| |Pearson Chi-Square |22. 05a |27 |. 711 | |Likelihood Ratio |20. 282 |27 |. 819 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |. 002 |1 |. 963 | |N of Valid Cases |90 | | | |a. 34 cells (85. 0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is . 01. | As p0. 05 therefore do not reject H0 Conclusion: The data provides sufficient evidence that hearing from the given sources of media have lead to an increase in attending the exhibitions Conclusion / Recommendations for the C lient: After conducting the research, we found that; – More and more women are attending lawn exhibitions are every year, the figure of exhibitors is increasing. – Lawn is becoming formal way of dressing. – Women keep the factors of price and quality when they go to purchase lawn suits. – The best price range in which maximum number of prospective buyers come is from Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 2,000. – For promotion of lawn prints, Fashion TV and Style 360 can be used for advertisement as most of the target population watches it. – Famous media persons (singers, models and actresses) should be hired to promote lawn. – Television and Billboards play a pivotal role in reaching target audience. According to most of the women, there are still numerous predicaments in quality of lawn which is being offered in Pakistan, therefore, KOHINOOR TEXTILES can come with better quality lawn and fulfill the demand! The aforementioned conclusions are drawn after they w ere statistically proven and consequently, we recommend KOHINOOR TEXTILES to keep in view the findings of research with respect to women preferences, price sensitivity and quality consciousness and come up with new lawn prints so that their probability of success is increased upto a large extent. ———————– Customer Satisfaction Loyalty Research Brand Research Customer Retention Win Back Solutions Employee Research New Product Development Philosophy Promise People Product How to cite Lawn Industry of Pakistan, Essays

Overview And Analysis Of The Crusades Essay Example For Students

Overview And Analysis Of The Crusades Essay Overview and Analysis of the CrusadesThe Crusades were military expeditions planned and carried out by westernEuropean Christians. The crusades started around 1095. The purpose of thesecrusades was to overtake and gain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. TheHoly Land was Jerusalem and the Christians believed that gaining control of itwas their fate. The pope would gather the people together and incite them. Theorigin of the crusades was a result of the expanding Turks in the middle east. These Turkish forces invaded Byzantium, a Christian empire. The crusaders were amilitia, sent out to recover what they thought was theirs. The first crusade was essentially started by Pope Urban II. On November 27, 1095,he gathered his followers outside the French city of Clermont-Ferrand. Hepreached to these people and told them that action needed to be taken. Inresponse, the people cheered and planned their attack. Urban II brought togetherall of the bishops and urged them to talk to their friends and fellow villagersand to encourage them to participate in the crusades. Small groups started toform and each group would be self- directing. All the groups planned their ownways to the Constantinople, where they would meet and regroup. They would attackthe Turkish forces in Constantinople and hope to regain control of the city. The large Christian armies talked to Alexius I Comnenus, the Byzantium emperor,and agreed to return any of his old land that was recaptured. The armies wereskeptical of this demand but agreed anyway. The first attack by the crusaderswas on Anatolian, the Turkish capital. Meanwhile the Byzantians were also tryingto recapture Anatolian, and later that year, the city surrendered to theByzantians instead of the crusaders. The Byzantians were using the crusaders aspawns to achieve their own goals. The crusaders again met and crushed theTurkish army. The crusaders scored a great victory and boosted the troops moral. The crusaders captured Antioch and also held off relief forces sent to help theTurks. The crusaders then moved on to their main goal-Jerusalem!The city was under Egyptian control and was heavily guarded. The crusaders setup siege machines and called for reinforcements, finally forcing the Egyptiansto surrender. Everyone in the city was massacred in the belief that the blood ofthe former holders purified it. The crusaders kept control of the city for thenext generation or so and brought in people to inhabit the Holy Land. Slowly theMuslim forces started to rebuild and soon came back to take the Holy Land. After the defeat of the Egyptians in Jerusalem, the crusaders started tocolonize. The Latin colonists set up four states: Tripoli, which was on theSyrian coast, Antioch, centered near the Orontes Valley, Edessa, a far eaststate which held most of the Christians, and the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, themost powerful and centered between the other three states. The crusadersstrategy during the first crusade was to isolate the Muslims and Egyptians, andto cut off any supplies or reinforcements from strengthening their status. Oncethe original generation of crusaders died, their children were not as determined. They forgot about the Muslims that had escaped, and because of that, the Muslimshad a new leader and were regaining power. Under their leader, Imad ad-Din, theMuslims regrouped and planned their attack against the colonies. After thepassing of Imad ad-Din, a new radical leader emerged-Zangi. Zangi led his troopsto a victory against the crusaders and their colonies by capturing the state ofEdessa. The Muslims destroyed the Christians churches, buildings, and killed thecrusaders. Back home, the Pope saw what was happening and declared a secondcrusade to recapture the territory that had been lost. King Louis VII, fromFrance, set out to meet Conrad III army. The Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad III, setout from Germany and soon met up with Louis men. With their armies, they leftfrom their homeland to meet in Jerusalem. Conrads army began their voyage, onlyto be ambushed. Afterwards, their supplies and cavalry were drastically depleted. .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f , .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f .postImageUrl , .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f , .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f:hover , .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f:visited , .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f:active { border:0!important; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f:active , .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7c70fe05d893afce7369df56b525a92f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sexual Harassment EssayThe better half of the French army reached Jerusalem and met up with the smallremains of the Germans and the old crusaders. Together they ventured to Damascus,but failed to take the city and were badly defeated. The French army and kinghad had enough and returned home. The small remnants of the Germans stayed withthe colonies, along with the old crusaders. Slowly but surely, the states thecrusaders had set up were systematically being destroyed. The failure of thesecond crusade brought on the third crusade. The Muslims had named a new leader, Nur ad-Din, who regrouped the Muslims andmotivated them to take back what believed was theirs. Their leader died a fewyears later, and was succeeded by their military leader, Saladin. In 1187,Saladin took his now revived and recuperated army to recapture Jerusalem. InJuly, he crushed the crusaders front line army in Galilee. Saladin then led histroops throughout the area of Jerusalem and finally took Jerusalem in earlyOctober. This led to Pope Gregory VIII starting a third crusade. The people inthe west knew that their time had come to defeat the Muslims once and for all. Included in the ranks of men going on the crusade were Fredick I, the Romanemperor; Philip II, the French king; and Richard I, of England. These forceswere thought to be one of the most powerful armies assembled during the middleages. Again, this crusade suffered misfortune. On his journey to Jerusalem, theRoman emperor died, and his army accompanied the body back home for burial. Evenwith the size of Richards and Fredericks remaining armies, they were not ableto recapture Jerusalem. When the armies left Jerusalem and its surrounding areasto return home, they accomplished none of their goals. Since none of the following crusades were successful or even important, not muchis known about them. The later crusades also provided almost nothing for theChristians therefore much time and money was wasted on them. I have several thoughts on the crusades. The first crusade was the mostmemorable. It was the most successful one, with a minimal amount of casualties. Its execution reflected well on the leaders. The Muslims and Turks were taken bysurprise. They did not expect the Christians to bring such a force or such toJerusalem. Later crusades were anticipated by the Muslims and very predictable. After the Muslims won control, the Christians initiated a new crusade within 10years or so, with the full force unable to reach Jerusalem. I think the peoplewere more pleased with the first crusade not only because of the outcome butbecause it was a new idea to the Christian faith. Christian philosophy did notespouse, if there is something you want, take it forcefully. The crusades alsooffered the Christians a chance to vent their anger towards Jerusalemspossessors. It established a routine and thereby structure for their lives. Towards the end of the second or the third crusade, the common folk werebecoming angry with the Pope and kings for their lack of results. Monies wentinto the preparation of the crusades with minimal return. The first crusade seta great example for the others, yet the next crusades didnt follow the samepath. The later crusades lacked organization. No one wanted to provideleadership due to the uncertain outcome. Leadership demonstrated in later yearswas from Stephen and Nicholas in the Childrens Crusade, however unfortunatelyyoung children were used in combat. This was a reflection of the moral characteror lack of it, in their leaders and subsequently contributed to their failure.

Role of Business in Society Essay about Responsibility and Impact Essay Example

Role of Business in Society Essay  about Responsibility and Impact Paper Every student wants his work to be appreciated and highly evaluated, especially when he spends a lot of time and enthusiasm for it. But writing an essay can be enjoyable and interesting as soon as you learn how to write it, what rules to follow and what mistakes not to make. Role of Business is quite a challenging topic for your essay because it requires deep knowledge about the social and economic background of any business, the history of the origin and understanding the differences between businesses around the world. First steps to take before writing It’s hard to start writing an essay if you are not prepared enough. There are a couple of things you have to do first to make the process easier and faster. Planning will reduce the loss of time later when you are involved in a more serious part of creating. Finding samples of successful essays Surf the Internet pages in search of interesting essays about business and its role in social and economic life. It always an excellent opportunity not only to pick up some ideas for your future writing but also catching out some information that is used a lot and is not unique anymore. Your purpose here is to make your essay authentic and one of a kind. Narrowing down the topic We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Business in Society Essay  about Responsibility and Impact specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Business in Society Essay  about Responsibility and Impact specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Business in Society Essay  about Responsibility and Impact specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When you have to write about the role of business in society you need to consider about what angle to take in your future investigation. The topic is pretty extensive, that is why it will be a good idea to focus on something specific. For example, you can write about a particular country and the development of business there instead of talking about the role of business. Or you can pick up well-known trademark to show how this kind of business influenced the society on the way of its expansion. You can even write about the differences between the development of business in The United States and Britain. Collecting the sources of information The information you read and learn from your essay should be relevant and reliable. The business develops quickly nowadays, and its principles and ground rules may vary with the passage of time. Check if the information you choose is brand-new and of high quality. Use the Internet pages, books, and articles on business for better understanding your topic. Also, there is a huge variety of documentary films about different corporations and how business evolves throughout the history. There is a lot of entertaining information, and it’s up to you what source to use for a better result, Generating of the main ideas As soon as you comprehend what you will write about, note down some interesting thoughts about the topic. It will make the next steps easier because you will always have the main theses in front of you. Creating a colorful diagram may work as well. Essay structure An essay is a kind of paper that requires strict construction. To make it look good, read the information about what should each part contain and make sure you stick to it. It necessarily should contain the thesis statement, the body, the introduction and the conclusion. Write the thesis statement Your thesis statement illustrates the target audience your aspect of view about the subject and tells what your essay is about. It highlights your attitude towards the topic. The thesis statement is the first step in creating your essay and, probably, the most complicated. It has to interest the reader and make him want to read it till the end. If this part is vague or unclear, your paper will receive a low mark for being non-coherent. Write the body This is the main part of the writing, so it has to be very informative and contain some convincing argument. In other words, your thoughts have to support or refute some statements in order to explain your standpoint. For instance, if the topic of your paper is The role of business in a society of the United States, take a moment and realize what you think about it. Does it have a great impact on the economic and social life of citizens? Is the speed of its development is considered to be high, or it hasn’t changed at all for last decades. Your personal opinion counts a lot. Write the introduction Do you know some entertaining or even shocking information about corporations or trademarks that closely related to the subject of your essay? The facts from history can reinforce the impression from reading your paper. So, the introduction is the part where you generate the best and most striking idea on the role of business in society. Write the conclusion It’s a place where you put the summary of the words said before. Basically, the conclusion has to be short and relevant. Try not to use those phrases that have been used million times in other essays. Be authentic and bring your side of view to the readers in the form you think is most understandable. Writing about the world of the business and its role in modern society is not an easy task. For completing this task, you have to know a lot on this subject and understand all the principles and rules. If you are not sure you have enough knowledge, time or possibility to cope with this topic, our website Thewritemyessay will come in handy. Just make sure you find us on the Internet, and you will have your role of business in society essay any time that is suitable for you.  Send us the request â€Å"buy essay online,† or â€Å"order essay writing,† and we will contact you in due course. No one can ever fulfill your wish to buy essay help as we can!

Letter from Birmingham Jail essays

Letter from Birmingham Jail essays Allusions are used in this letter frequently, not only to establish a position, but also to create some emotional appeal for its readers. Martin Luther King Jr. used these allusions strategically, to hopefully convey his message to the eight Alabama clergymen who doubted him and his efforts. Using references to God and the bible are always powerful, for they relate to a well-known and widely accepted, yet highly criticized subject. Religion is a touchy subject, for so many people have their strong, modified beliefs toward it. In Kings letter, its clear to the reader just how strongly he feels in his beliefs, and how hes using that to his advantage. Being president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference automatically gave King the image of a respectable man in the leadership of the Christian faith. His reference to the fact that prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their thus saith the Lord far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, (262) shows just how extensive his religious knowledge is. Adding to this knowledge would be the mention of the Greek philosopher Socrates, and how he felt that it was necessary to create a tension in the mind so that individuals could rise from the bondage of myths and half-truths to the unfettered realm of creative analysis and objective appraisal.(263-264). King is clearly a brilliant man. These statements clearly show that he has spent much time in the research and study of religious facts. Ethos is appealed to by Kings establishment of his position as a knowledgeable, religious, leadership figure. Emotions are stirred up well in this letter, with powerful words. It was practiced superbly by the early Christians, who were willing to face hungry lions and the excruciating pain of chopping blocks rather than submit to certain unjust laws of the Roman Empire (266). Kings use of ph...

Discussing a New Coffee Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Discussing a New Coffee Branding - Essay Example The activity is sure to attract consumers, as it provides on-the-spot testing of taste and quality of the product. The consumers will be invited to have mugs of fresh coffee made with that brand, and then, their remarks will be taken by asking them to note down their comments on a special notebook. The team leader will continuously be introducing the new brand to people through a microphone. I would also recommend creating suspense starting some days before the launch of the product. I suggest placing banners and some guessing game ideas written on billboards right at the spot where the product is to be launched. This way, the consumers will remain curious about what is going to happen or what is going to come into the market and into their hands. This will create such a buzz that nobody will want to miss the product and the event in which the product is to be launched. I suggest releasing bits and pieces of details every day to give the boost to the suspense. This will surely drive people crazy about the product and the launch event. I suggest giving people free access to some of the features of the new brand. I recommend that sachets must be prepared for the new brand of coffee, with eye-catching wrappers, and they must be distributed in the launch event. Nothing amuses and attracts consumers more than something being given free about the new product. Those who will not taste the coffee on-spot will take sachets and try them at their homes. This will be very interesting for them and will assure them that there is something good for the product that the company is giving the people a free chance to try it.

Family Law Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family Law Master - Case Study Example She moved out again in February 2006, and began to live with another man named Oliver since December, 2007. She has lived separately from her husband Michael for almost two years. She also does not have a child in concern for emotional bond. Under the circumstances, Lucy is very right in considering that she should file for divorce under the protection of Law for her sanity and life. Under the Family Law Act 1996, she has three grounds for filing a petition for divorce from Michael and achieve to get fair share in the division of property which has been established in the White v White [2001] 1 AC 596 your Lordships' House sought to assist judges who have the difficult task of exercising the wide discretionary powers conferred on the court by Part II of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.1 In particular the House emphasized that in seeking a fair outcome there is no place for discrimination between a husband and wife and their respective roles. Her first ground for divorce is adultery, in which she has e-mail proof of Michael being in relationship with another man, and thus morally violating his vow of marriage and social norm. She has personal proof of unreasonable behaviour and where she can submit petition which can contain a series of allegations against her husband's unreasonable behaviour. This would be evaluated and considered by the judge as the basis of an nulment of her marriage. She has been forced to move out of her home for a length of time on mutual consent and live with friends. She did make an attempt to come back and reconcile. Even after that, she had to finally decide to move in and live with another man Oliver and had lived with for almost two years. This proves that on deteriorating domestic circumstances she has been forced to live away from home, husband and marriage. She is right in considering legal divorce by petition from her husband so that she can take charge of her life and finances to support herself.2 2. She has no income or capital. Michael is still living in the former matrimonial home, which is now worth 250,000 pounds. he is earning around 50,000 pounds pa. Michael bought some shares in his employer's company whilst he and Lucy were still together. They have shot up in value and are now worth 100,000 pounds. Advise Lucy about the likely outcome of her application for ancillary relief on divorce.Lucy should take pro-active measure once she has decided to get divorce from Michael on the financial issues and getting a fair share of her asset from her matrimonial home in which her investment for the payment has been the primary source of the mortgage and the investment has doubled. This should be based on the principal of 'equal sharing' in marriage which is considered the partnership of equals. This 'equal sharing' principle derives from the basic concept of equality permeating a marriage as understood today. Marriage, it is often said, is a partnership of equals. In 1992 Lord Ke ith of Kinkel approved Lord Emslie's observation that 'husband and wife are now for all practical purposes equal partners in marriage': R v R [1992] 1

Where will healthcare be in the next five years Term Paper

Where will healthcare be in the next five years - Term Paper Example What is the future of health care in America? This piece seeks to address some of those questions in detail. I believe that health care reform in the United States is still going to be a hotly-contested issue, especially when it comes to the complaints that will be heard by: doctors; insurance companies; and small business owners, especially when it comes to issues like long-term care, walk-in clinics, hospitals, and health care reform bill issues. Doctors are not going to like the new health insurance plan. Since doctors are going to have to treat everyone from now on, regardless of whether they can pay or not, obviously this is going to have a huge effect on how doctors do business. Doctors cannot now turn away patients. They must be willing to see anyone who comes to them with a problem because now everyone will have insurance in order to pay for their doctors’ visits. Doctors are going to most likely be upset with health care reform because of several reasons. Doctors are going to be more in demand now more than ever because they will have to treat so many new patients. They can’t charge whatever they want—they are going to have to receive whatever payment the government gives them. This may upset many doctors because, before now doctors could control much of what their salary was when they regulated the prices for their visits. Since health care is going to be mandated, many doctors will have to receive subsidies from the government for seeing people on the public health care plan, and they are not going to like this establishment for long-term care. Walk-in clinics are most likely going to be overwhelmed. Doctors in hospitals will have to treat whomever walks through their doors, for the most part. They must now treat everyone, regardless of people having had pre-existing conditions. Now doctors must treat whoever comes to them for help; they cannot pick and choose. â€Å"Like insurance companies, physicians and hospitals will

Role of Exchange Rate Regime in Argentinas 2001 Crisis

Role of Exchange Rate Regime in Argentinas 2001 Crisis Discuss the role of the exchange rate regime in contributing to the 2001 crisis in Argentina. Introduction For much of Argentina’s history, the country has been plagued by a cycle of economic and political instability. Despite the country’s rich resource base, the economy performed badly from the 1950s to the early 1990s. According to the Economist (2002), ‘between 1976 and 1989, income per person shrank by more than 1% per year. Two bouts of hyperinflation, and two banking collapses, destroyed confidence in both the peso and economic policy.’ In order to combat this, in 1991, Menem and his economy minister Domingo Cavallo pegged the Argentine peso one-to-one with the dollar, and this succeeded in halting inflation. However, within ten years this came to be seen as a mistake. Aside from being a means to control inflation, the exchange rate regime can also be seen as Menem deliberately â€Å"tying his hands† in order to avoid taking responsibility for sensitive or unpopular decisions. For example, prices could now rise without wage increases due to currenc y devaluation. Menem had been a very popular president but in the end he left his second term of office in 1999 very much discredited. His government oversaw the development of sharp inequalities and the increasing resentment of the discluded. He lacked any systematic pro-poor or pro-development policies. Menem reduced inflation from a high of about 5000% to 0 and until about 1999, the economy was doing well with stable inflation and stable growth (an average annual rate of 6.1% between 1991 and 1997). From 1999, however, there was serious recession in Argentina and by 2001 just about everything that could be wrong with an economy (aside from inflation) was wrong with the Argentinian economy, and in early 2002 the country defaulted on its $155 billion public debt. The Economist (2002) spoke of the ‘awe-inspiring severity of the economic, financial, political and social collapse’ of Argentina. This essay first examines the theoretical arguments in favour of adopting a pegged exchange rate. Turning to the case of Argentina, the essay then investigates why the exchange rate regime implemented by Menem did not work, how this contributed to the 2001 crisis, and what other factors contributed to the crisis. Pegged exchange rates A government has various different options in terms of exchange rate mechanisms (Fischer 2001). The currency can be allowed to float freely, the exchange rate can be pegged to another currency or group of currencies in a soft way such that the relevant authorities agree to defend the peg but can re-value it if the exchange rate comes under heavy pressure, or it can be pegged hard. Alternatively, some countries have chosen to do away with their national currency altogether and use only the dollar – this is known as full dollarization. Argentina opted for the hard peg – a currency board – in 1991. A currency board maintains a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency thus subordinating conventional monetary policy objectives to the exchange rate target (a peg with the US dollar, for example, maintains interest rates and inflation very close to those in the United State). For an orthodox currency board, the country’s foreign currency reserves must be suffic ient that all holders of the domestic currency could convert it into the reserve currency. The key advantage of a currency board is that currency stability is no longer an issue because the exchange rate is fixed to a hard currency and the level of inflation is determined in the country of that hard currency. On the other hand, a country which adopts a currency board gives up the ability to manipulate monetary policy according to domestic considerations. Furthermore, the fixed exchange rate will determine the country’s terms of trade. The exchange rate regime in Argentina The dollar peg made exports expensive and imports cheap. This resulted in dollars flowing out of the country, and this combined with a heavy debt burden reduced the reserves of dollars. The government ended up with only a fraction of the reserves necessary to maintain the currency board successfully and this was one of the major reasons for the crisis of 2001. While there were clearly other contributing factors, de la Torre et al (2002) argue that the relationship between the exchange rate regime and the Argentine banking system is key to understanding the crisis, and that an early move from the pegged board to full dollarization could have reduced the magnitude of the economic collapse. ‘The establishment of the currency board in 1991 helped develop the Argentine financial system. Despite its strengths, the financial system remained vulnerable to real exchange rate misalignments and fiscal shocks. After 1998, Argentina fell into a currencygrowth-debt trap. It tried to break aw ay by focusing on growth, but failed to address the currency and debt components of the trap, dramatically raising uncertainty. This unleashed a depositor run, which lead to the abandonment of the currency board’ (de la Torre 2002:abstract). Being tied to the highly valued dollar also hurt the economy as Argentine exports became relatively more expensive. As demand for exports fell, Argentina had to turn to the IMF for emergency loans worth $21.6 billion. What other factors contributed to the crisis? It is important to remember that this was not the first crisis that Argentina has suffered. In order to fully understand the causes of the 2001 crisis, it is necessary to put it into historical perspective. Arguably every president since Peron came to power in 1946 had aggravated the country’s economic, political and social problems with an over-personalised style of leadership characterised by corruption and the use of patronage (financed by printing money) to maintain favour. The historical mismanagement of the economy may have sowed the seeds for the 2001 crisis. In addition various external factors can be seen as trigger causes, contributing to the specific timing of the economic collapse. In the first place, the prices for Argentina’s exports stopped rising. Although the total value of exports did grow from 1999 to 2001, the rate of growth was hampered by protectionism and subsidies in rich countries, and many industries could no longer compete abroad. Argentina’s largest export partner was Brazil, a country which was facing economic difficulties of its own. The negative effect on the Argentine economy was two-fold: Brazilian economic problems and a devaluation not only reduced demand for Argentine exports, but lower wages in Brazil attracted many Argentine manufacturers to move their factories across the border into Brazil. Ollier (2003:184) points to the fragmentation of the politico-institutional system and the extreme dependency of the economy on foreign credit as the major causes of the collapse. The loose fiscal policy of Menem’s second term certainly did nothing to help the economy. While his predecessors had encouraged hyperinflation by printing money to buy political support, Menem now printed bonds to finance the fiscal deficit, and the country’s public debt rose and rose. Conclusion Argentina is not a country which should have any problems: it has a rich resource base and a relatively homogeneous population. Yet Argentina has long suffered various economic problems (as well as political and social problems). High levels of expectation have consistently not been matched by performance. Severe sectoral conflict between the agricultural and industrial sectors has hampered economic development. The existence of three highly organised social groups, each attempting to shape economic policy has also impeded the ability of the government to manage the economy effectively: landowners may have few votes but they have immense economic power; the Argentine union movement is one of the most powerful in the world; and the business sector is highly organised and incorporated into the state apparatus. In addition the political systems and institutions have fostered high levels of corruption with devastating effects on the economy. The federal government is unable to curb the f iscal expenditure of the provincial governments. Neo-liberalism requires effective, independent regulatory mechanisms but in Argentina the legal system is too weak and is incapable of scrutinising audit commissions etc. Furthermore, the presidency is too strong and there are no institutional safeguards to keep the presidency in check. The liberal policies of the 1980s and 1990s stabilised the economy, but at the cost of rising unemployment which, coupled with cuts in welfare provisions, took poverty to new depths. Various external shocks brought about the crisis in 2001 but had the exchange rate regime not been in place, the economy may have been sufficiently flexible to respond to, and recover from, these shocks. The rigidity of the currency board and the corresponding inability of the government to manipulate exchange rate policy or monetary policy is what permitted these shocks to lead to such a severe economic collapse. Bibliography de la Torre, A., Levy Yeyati, E. Schmukler, S. (2002) ‘Argentina’s Financial Crisis: Floating Money, Sinking Banking’ (downloaded from http://www.econ.umn.edu/~tkehoe/classes/Schmukler.pdf on 19 March 2007) Economist (2002) ‘Argentina’s collapse: A decline without parallel’, The Economist, 28 February 2002 (downloaded from www.economist.com on 19 March 2007) Fischer, S. (2001) ‘Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government: Exchange Rate Regimes: Is the Bipolar View Correct?’, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(2) Spring, 2001, pp. 3-24. Ollier, M. (2003) ‘Argentina: Up a Blind Alley Once Again’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 22(2), pp 170-186

21st Century Capitalism Essay -- Term Papers Research Essays

21st Century Capitalism 21st Century Capitalism. By Robert Heilbroner. (New York: Norton, 1993. 175pp., $17.95) The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism. By Robert Reich. (New York: Vintage, 1992. 339pp., $14.00) Undoubtedly, the 20th century has witnessed some of the most significant economic events in modern history. For example, the Great Depression saw capitalism come close to its end, and the principles of laissez-faire repudiated as the New Deal was enacted to rehabilitate the economy. More recently, the downfall of the Soviet Union represented a major victory for capitalism over the now-defunct communist system, which is nearing extinction even in the land of Mao, as China reluctantly and gradually moves towards a free market economy. Despite the fall of communism, one should not be too quick to celebrate. Alas, the future of capitalism remains undetermined. Several notable economists have issued predictions for the role of capitalism in the upcoming years. I choose to focus on two: Robert Heilbroner and Robert Reich. Robert Heilbroner, the Harvard-educated economist and New School professor most noted for The Worldly Philosophers, details his predictions for the future of capitalism in 21st Century Capitalism. Heilbroner is reluctant to draw any great conclusions about capitalism’s future and instead leads a rather deceptive course, first analyzing capitalism â€Å"from a distance†. Heilbroner’s first task is to study the primitive !Kung people of Africa’s Kalahari Desert in a brilliantly effective and easy-to-understand strategy intended to differentiate between the three forces of Command, Tradition, and the Market. Describing Tradition, he writes â€Å"From their infancy, Kun... ...xpecting striking revelations about capitalism’s future. Perhaps the disparity is due to the fact that Heilbroner is a brilliant economist, equal to the likes of Keynes, Schumpeter, and Galbraith, while Reich is a politician-as-academic. Another point worth noting is the likely audiences of both books. Heilbroner, whose works are read in college economics courses across the nation, likely intended his book for serious economists. On the contrary, Reich’s book with its colorful cover is likely intended for the general audience. In conclusion, Heilbroner’s long list of scholarly achievements will now grow by one. 21st Century Capitalism is a brilliantly written work with expert analysis and a masterful study of the future of economics. However, Reich's work is somewhat less impressive, and his analysis is, to a certain extent, less in-depth than that of Heilbroner.

Being a nursing home administrator Essay

Being a nursing home administrator with in a nursing home, excellent communication is a necessity. Communication is how care providers determine the quality of care that is given and needed for the patients. By being a nursing home administrator, it is my job to make sure that the HIPPA rules and regulations are being used by all employees. By making sure that HIPPA rules and regulations are being upheld, the nursing home is providing quality care to the patients. When a change happens at a nursing home there can be confusion and conflict with everyone involved. While following the chain of command can be long and even boring, it is needed to keep the communication process smooth and effective. The chain of command does help reduce the risk of a communication breakdown. If a communication breakdown is developed it can cause commotion in any health care facility which could jeopardize everyone involved. With being the nursing home administrator, the first job that I would need to do i s have a full understanding of the new policies and procedures. I would need to know how the policies and procedures were put into place and how exactly this will affect the patient’s in the nursing home. In order to do this I would want to speak with the board members so my concerns could be addressed. In order to address these issues I could meet with the board members face to face, use social media, or by electronic communication. There are advantages to having traditional face to face meetings. The members are able to see my body language, facial expressions, and hear the tone of my voice while communicating my concerns. With the traditional meetings, it will also allow the board members to respond to my concerns right away with a limited amount of interruptions. While there are some advantages to having traditional meetings there are also some disadvantages. One issue could be misinterpretation on some of the available cues. Traditional meetings can be expensive and time consuming this is a disadvantage when the time and/or finances a re not available. Having a conference by electronic method is another way to communicate. The biggest advantage to electronic conferencing is the fact that it can be done on a global basis, no matter where a person is everyone can join together. Electronic conferences are best when all members attend at the same time but because it’s electronic the members can attend conferences at different times but during a certain time frame. With all members attending an electronic conference at the same time is known as  the synchronous method. When members attend conference at different times but within a certain time frame is known as the asynchronous method. The synchronous method allows real time communication and the asynchronous method does communication through emails. The synchronous method is best because it is real time and more effective. Electronic conferences are also less expensive and not as time consuming. Electronic conferences can also be recorded so they are available for future use. While emails and phone calls are good forms of communication it is not t he best for a conference. Communicating through computers and the internet has become a popular way for health care members. When it is done properly this way of communication can provide clear straight information that is understood by everyone. If it is not used properly, there can be a breakdown in communication and cause many problems. When social media is used properly it can provide many advantages and opportunities. Social media can reach a large amount of people, which means a wide connection within the community. Social media also allows a great way to support collaboration, better communication, and will also people around the globe to share and generate information. Facilities can also have an identity beyond the name and standard of care through social media. It also helps health care facilities reach out to the people of the community. A disadvantage of social media has been looked blindly upon by most members of the health care industry. When it comes to a patient’s privacy, HIPPA rules and regulations require proper procedures to be followed anytime a patient’s information is released. By being the nursing home administrator my job is to make sure that all of the patients who will be discharged have signed a consent form. The consent form would give our facility permission to release the patient’s health care information to other facilities with the hope of finding placement for that patient. HIPPA has very strict rules and guidelines to follow; the patient’s privacy must always be the priority and always be protected. It is the staff member’s responsibility to protect a patient’s information regardless on how the information is being transferred. The staff member can only allow the information to reach who it is meant for and only provide enough information to make proper accommodations for the patient. HIPPA has placed policies and procedures to protect patient’s information, when these rules are not strictly followed a privacy breach can occur. Also, when the HIPPA rules are  not followed patient’s information can get misplaced which will result in a patient not receiving proper quality care. It is a health care staff member’s job to make sure that every patient remains protected at all times. Today’s health care industry has many rules and regulations that have to be followed in order to protect the privacy of the patients. It is a facility’s responsibility to follow these rules and regulations to ensure a patient’s health and well-being. It is a high priority for immediate action to take place if the rules and regulations are not being followed to make sure that the patients are not at any risk. References: Sarringhuas, M. M. (Jul/Aug 2011). THE Great Divide: Social Media’s Role in Bridging Healthcare. Journal of Helathcare Management, 56(4), 235-244. Du Pre, A. (2005). Communication about health: Current Issues and perspectives (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw Hill.

Crazy horse essays

Crazy horse essays Crazy Horse When I think back of the stories that I have heard about howthe Native American Indians were driven from their land andforced to live on the reservations one particular event comes tomy mind. That event is the Battle of the Little Big Horn. It isone of the few times that the Oglala Sioux made history with thembeing the ones who left the battlefield as winners. When storiesare told, or when the media dares to tamper with history, it isusually the American Indians who are looked upon as the bad guys.They are portrayed as savages who spent their time raiding wagontrains and scalping the white settlers just for fun. The mediahas lead us to believe that the American government was forced totake the land from these savage Indians. We should put the blamewhere it belongs, on the U.S. Government who lied, cheated, andstole from the Oglala forcing Crazy Horse, the great war chief,and many other leaders to surrender their nation in order to savethe lives of their people. In the nin eteenth century the most dominant nation in thewestern plains was the Sioux Nation. This nation was divided intoseven tribes: Oglala's, Brule', Minneconjou, Hunkpapa, No Bow,Two Kettle, and the Blackfoot. Of these tribes they had differentband. The Hunkpatila was one band of the Oglala's . One of the greatest war chiefs of all times came from thisband. His name was Crazy Horse. Crazy Horse was not given this name, on his birth date inthe fall of 1841. He was born of his father, Crazy Horse anOglala holy man, and his mother a sister of a Brule' warrior,Spotted Tail. As the boy grew older his hair was wavy so his people gave him the nickname of Curly . He was togo by Curly until the summer of 1858, after a battle with theArapaho's. Curly's brave charged against the Arapaho's led hisfather to give Curly the name Crazy Horse. This was the name ofhis father and of many fathers before him . In the 1850's, the country where the Sioux Nation lived, wasbeing invaded...

Rebuild your career after job loss

Rebuild your career after job loss If you’re reading this, it may be because the worst has already happened: you’ve been laid off or fired. Or perhaps you’re prepping for the doomsday scenario, just in case. Either way, know that a layoff or a firing is not a life-ending (or even career-ending) thing. When it happens, the shock and devastation can lead to pessimism about your next steps. But try to keep these tips in mind if it happens to you. Know that it’s okay to grieve.Job loss is a huge change. Routine, stability, future planning- all of these are likely upended by the news. It’s okay to let yourself feel the range of emotion after it happens, like anger, depression, fear, and humiliation. You may try to put on a brave face, but don’t try to quash the emotions altogether. Acceptance and moving on mean working through the feelings rather than ignoring them.Take it as an opportunity.No, really. It probably doesn’t feel like one- I know when I got laid off, I felt pes simism creeping in right away. But soon I started to realize that I’d hated my job, and this was a chance to start over without having to make the tough decision to quit and walk away. This job loss does take away some of your own agency (we all want things to be on our own terms), but once it happens, embrace it as a chance to start over. Maybe it’s time for a career change?Don’t lie about it.You’re going to need to move on to a new job, and that means finding a way to spin what happened at your last one. It can be tempting to lie about the circumstances under which you left out of a sense of personal pride or fear of rejection, but don’t do it. If you were fired for a reason, that will likely come up during either reference checks or background checks (if it was serious).On your resume, you don’t need to be specific about what happened. But you should be prepared to discuss it in an interview. â€Å"Why did you leave your last job?† is a common default interview question, and it’s pretty much inevitable that you’ll face it at some point. If you were laid off, a response like â€Å"my position was eliminated† or â€Å"the company downsized† is totally acceptable. If you were fired, you can give a general explanation as to why, and explain a) what you learned from it; and b) how that knowledge makes you a better employee. Second chances are not impossible, but you have to make a good case for yourself.Whatever the circumstances, remember that you’re still alive, and you’re still you. The positive qualities you bring to the table are ultimately more important than your past, so as long as you take the time to learn from the experience and think hard about how to repackage yourself, you can turn it into a career opportunity (if a painful one).

Acceptable Use and Behavior Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Acceptable Use and Behavior Policy - Essay Example To protect confidential information and its financial interests, the company has adopted a number of acceptable use and behavior policies that not only enable it to mitigate the threats but also allow the employees to flexibly conduct their daily businesses without affecting the productivity. This paper discusses the physical security policy, vulnerabilities, audit policy, log management, system administrator policies as well as the various security incident handling procedures at Firion Company. Firion has implemented a number of physical security policies that are primarily aimed at improving the integrity and confidentiality of the information systems that are used in the company. One of the physical security policies that is the prohibition of the use of devices such as USB drive, FireWire and rewritable CDs/DVDs on company owned assets (Wijayanayake, 2009). Additionally all the company communication systems are only required to be configured by the IT department and no modificat ions are allowed to both the software and hardware without the approval of the IT security team. In this regard, Firion employees, business partners, contractors and vendors are not allowed to install any software applications or hardware into any machines used by the company. Generally some of the main security vulnerabilities that are currently facing Firion include potential leakage of corporate information through removable storage devices, introduction of malicious applications into the information systems of the company and misuse of computer resources. For example, employees participating surfing social network sites may unknowingly bring malicious content to the company systems. Audit Policy Item The audit policy item employed by Firion Corporation is primarily designed to guide the security team to audit the company’s infrastructure system and mitigate the potential vulnerabilities. It is the responsibility of the security team to ensure that all the information rega rding the company which are posted over the internet are properly audited to ensure that they do not compromise the security of the company (Rudolph, 2009). For example the security team is required to constantly monitor and revaluate the system and makes the necessary patches to potential security breaches. Additionally the company also makes regular vulnerability and social engineering tests to detect potential threats to the company websites and online information.   Log Management Policy Item As part of its log management policies, Firion does not allow any employee to lock their workplace computers when not in use or write down their login passwords on paper. The responsibility of creating and maintaining a secure log management infrastructure at Firion is given to the security team. For example, the security team not only performs regular log reviews and access monitoring but they also ensure the privacy of sensitive and confidential information through the use of central au thentication credentials such as user passwords. The company has also designed role based access control regulations which ensures that the access of any employee to facilities and company data is based on their roles and therefore only employees who need particular data will be able to login and access to the data. System Administrator Policy Item   According to Ferion’s system administrator policies, administrative rights are only reserved to the security t

International Business Walmart case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Business Walmart case study - Essay Example As such, it is worthwhile to analyze the prospective of Wal-Mart in South Africa by first considering the four dimensions of distance between the U.S. and South Africa as well as the disadvantages and disadvantages of Wal-Mart in South Africa using Eclectic Paradigm as it will be delineated in this discussion. The distance between the U.S. and South Africa can be considered through four dimensions: cultural, political, geographic and economic distance. Firstly, the cultural distance deals with the cultural attributes, which are very essential in determining the manner in which individuals will interact with each other as well as with companies (Ghemawat, 2001). Whereas the majority of the inhabitants of the U.S. are whites, blacks are predominant in South Africa. The U.S. is an English speaking nation, whereas South Africans speak isiZulu language to a greater extent in trivial English. Also, in the U.S., the Protestant, and Catholic religions are prevalent while, on the other hand, Protestant and other Christian religions are prevalent in South Africa. Secondly, the political distance between the U.S and South Africa is eminent in the sense that they do not share a common currency: U.S. dollar for the U.S. and the South African rand for South Africa. Thirdly, the geographical distance be tween the two countries exists in terms of geographical size, climate, and population. The U.S. covers a geographical area of 9,826,675 square kilometers (sq. Km) whereas South Africa traces the U.S. with 1,219,090 sq. Km in geographical size. Besides, the U.S. has a temperate climate, which is different from the semiarid climate in South Africa. Additionally, the U.S. has a population of 316,668,567 whereas South Africa has 48,601,098. Lastly, the economic distance between the U.S. and South Africa is apparent from the GDP per capita, $ 50,000 for the U.S and $11,400 for South Africa, the real GDP

Geology----Stratigraphy and Sedimentation Article

Geology----Stratigraphy and Sedimentation - Article Example Two pertinent events have been intricately discussed. These are namely the episodic events and the continuous events. By definition, the episodic events are used in reference to those that become eminent in a matter of hours or days. It is important to reiterate that their effects are distinct and pertinent to this research. On the other hand, Continuous events are differentiated by the fact that they spread over months, years or even decades. Evidently, field mapping and reference chronology were succinctly applied in the analysis process. The tree ring method is a pertinent component in geomorphology. This is evident in its multiple applications such as assistance in comprehension ofthe geomorphic processes, the consequent frequency and events. Further to this, the annual precision will also aid in predicting floods and other events in future so as to avert the damages caused by the same. Previous research has revealed that the flood rings in 1826 and 1850. In this regard, it was e stablished that the tree with flood rings were proportionate to the discharge. The primary trees that were subject to the sampling procedure were those identified as are mainly affected by the geomorphic processes. These included trees growing near river banks, trees growing on the edges of gullies and avalanche paths and trees growing right on the sediment plants. In conclusion,the overall relevance of the tree ring method as far geomorphology is concerned includes; ascertaining the magnitude and frequency of events, providing an annual precision; the tree rings are pertinent as far as predicting continuous and episodic processes; as well as delineating the spatial location affected by a process. Howard and Blakey have done a commendable job in relating their observations and interpretations. The data provided is enough for all the facies interpretation. Their interpretation of fluvial channel mobility in relation with the geometry of sandstone bodies is correct and there

Mussoliniss Foreign Policy Essay Example for Free

Mussoliniss Foreign Policy Essay How consistent was Italian foreign policy between 1922 and 1943? Mussolinis main aim through foreign policy was to exalt Italys pride, which was seen severely deteriorated after the First World War. By the statement My objective is simple. I want to make Italy great, respected and feared Mussolinis objectives are clearly can be clearly deduced. However, historians still disagree over Mussolinis conduct of foreign affairs, in the years between his assumption of the premiership and the conquest of Ethiopia in 1935-6. Some support the view, once he acquired strong dominance on the communists, that the imperialism of 1930s was the unplanned response to domestic problems of a dictator whose main concerns where the internal consolidation of his regime. More recently, however, the balance of opinion has tended towards the belief in the underlying consistency of Mussolinis foreign policy. Mussolinis foreign policy operates along fairly well-worn paths, and his main areas of interest remained the Mediterranean, Africa and the Balkans Mussolinis foreign policy operates along fairly well-worn paths, and his main areas of interest remained the Mediterranean, Africa and the Balkans. As these two aims were, to some extent achieved during the 1920s, Iitalian foreign policy became increasingly expansionist in the 1930s, aiming not only to control the Mediterranean but as well, the African Empire. In the course of 1922-3 the weakness of Italys position became all too clear to Mussolini. He first failed to gain any substantial concessions in Africa or in the middle East from Britain and France when, at the Lausane, the negotiated a new peaceful treaty with Mustapha Kemal after his successful resistance would avoid the Treaty of Sevrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s to be applied on Turkey. Secondly, he was also unsuccessful in exploiting in the interests of Italy the international crisis caused by the French occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923. Mussolini changed his role from mediator between France and Britain, who opposed the occupation, to opponent of at one point of a potentially anti-British building bloc, composed of the main Continental States. He was mistrusted by both, London and Paris and was set aside from the European stage. The incident in Corfu, in 1923 gave Mussolini the reputation of being a dangerous firebrand. In 1923 Mussolini seized the chance to occupy Corfu, a strategically important island guarding the Southern entrance into the Adriatic, given that the Greek government seemed to refuse to pay the 50 million lira compensation they asked for the assassination of an Italian general and his staff, who were mapping out for an international inter-allied Commission the new Greek- Albanian frontier on Greek territory. Mussolini not only rejected the Leagues intervention but began to build a military base in the island. The incident was celebrated as a great success for Mussolini however, in reality it was a diplomatic defeat for Mussolini, since he had been forced to leave Corfu by Anglo-French pressure. However, Mussolini felt obliged into adopting a more conventional foreign policy. Mussolini could not run the risk of isolating Italy from the rest of Europe, therefore seeked for to establishing closer relationships with Britain and France. Mussolini, in order to maintain an independent state, cultivated the friendship of Austria and Hungary and in 1930 a similar treaty with similar treaty with Austria. Relations with Austria became ever closer after Hitler came to power in Germany after Hitler came to power in Germany and Mussolini provided the arms and money for the Austrian chancellors private army. In 1924 the Pact of Rome was signed with Yugoslavia, by which Italy received the long-disputed town of Fiume, though a part of it, Susak, went to Yugoslavia, along with port Barros. Two treaties with Alabania were signed in 1926 and 1927, firmly established Italian influence in Albania. This marked the first stage in Mussolinis efforts to establish Italy in the Balkans where Czechoslovakia, Roumania and Yugoslavia were tied to France, Italys like enemy, ver closely. During the 1920 Mussolini realised that he needed the friendship of France and Britain in view that he could not yet attempt to have the Versailles treaty revised in his favour. He went to Locarno thus in 1925 he went to Locarno and signed the treaties which guaranteed the frontiers between France and Germany, as well as the ones between Belgium and Germany, and in 1928 he signed. In particular, he drew closer to Britain, and though he privately resolved to end British power in the Mediterranean, he saw her as a possible friend in any future conflict. The frontier between Libya and Egypt was reached through an agreement, and there was a possibility of British aid for the railway building in East Africa. During the 1920 therefore, Italy remained a member of the League of Nations and acted as good citizen of Europe. Mussolinis foreign policy therefore followed a peaceful path. However, the peaceful pattern which Mussolinis foreign policy followed during the 20s was to be changed suddenly in the 30s, and thus also the slight consistency it had been following so far. This was mainly caused by Hitlers advent to power, what obviously altered things considerably. Mussolini saw the potential of a German alliance against Britain and France to revise the 1919 settlement; on the other hand he took care of having Germany too close. In April 1933 Goering and Papen visited Rome, however, all what Mussolini could achieve was German agreement to the Four Power Pact (between Italy, Germany, France and Britain) to keep peace in Europe, thus replacing the League. It was even signed actually by Germany and Italy (on 15 July 1933). A crucial meeting with Hitler took place in his visit to Venice in 1934. The meeting went bad unfortunately, since Mussolini refused to have an interpreter despite his German being very poor, so the meeting meant little to either. Things became worsened by the crisis following the death of Dollfuss a month later, so that Mussolini was far from being an ally of Hitler in 1934-5. Mussolini even attended the Stressa conference in April 1935, which was called by France, and in which it had to be considered what action to take in order to guarantee the independence of Austria. Italy joined to the declarations and protests, partly in genuine hostility to Germany, but mainly to avoid British and French hostility. In the 1920s the Italian empire was hardly promising. In Lybia, which was the territorially the heart of the Empire , but only some 2000 Italians had settled there and by 1930 it was costing over 500 million lire per annum, compared with 107 million in 1921. There were two smaller Italian colonies which looked more promising, for they bordered on to Ethiopia (Abyssinia), one of the few remaining independent kingdoms of Africa. Italy therefore took special interest in Abyssinia, sponsoring her membership on the League in 1923 and signing a treaty of friendship in 1928. However, in view that Haile Selassie (the ruler) did not intend to allow his country to be dominated by a modern power (signature of a treaty with Japan in 1930) Mussolini considered the possibility of war to force Abyssinia under Italian control. The clue incident which brought war about was the Ual Ual incident, in which the Italians claimed the right to use this oasis, which was located in the border of Abyssinia and Italian Somaliland, which was marked in the maps as being part of Abyssinia. Italians in Ual Ual were therefore murdered in the oasis in December 1934. Mussolini demanded an apology as well as compensation from Abyssinia, while the Abyssians claimed investigation from the League of Nations, and were pleased in May 1935. Mussolini made preparations for his attack, by either building up forces and sounding out the attitude of Britain and France. In June, Enden, on behalf of the British government offered the Abyssinians a corridor to the sea through British Somaliland if they gave Mussolini part of Ogaden, offer however rejected by Mussolini. In the summer Italian troops under generals de Bono and Graziani arrived at Eritrea. Mussolini continued to make noises about his intentions, feeling disastified by the League resolutions in which it established that neither part was to be blamed by the Ual Ual incident. Italians brought war about provided that the meeting the held with British and French, in which Italy was offered the opportunity to develop Abyssinia provided that the Abyssinians agreed, did not satisfied Mussolini, since he foreshadow that it would be unlikely to obtain such agreement. The conquest of Abyssinia was regarded as a major triumph in Italy, ranking alongside the Concordat of 1929. Mussolini had said the Italian character has to be formed through fighting, and he stuck at this idea definitely between the 30 and until the 40s, completely contrasting the peaceful means through which Mussolini had been able to achieve good foreign relationships, by the 1920s. When the Spanish civil war broke out Mussolini supported immediately Franco and the Nationalists by providing them with men and equipment, on the grounds that he could not allow a communist government to be formed in the Mediterranean. It deepened the rift between Italy and Britain and France, and aligned Mussolini more firmly with Germany. In 1936, exalting the new closeness between Italian-German relationships, the October Protocols were signed. Italy conceded German predominance in Austria, while Germany recognised the Italian empire in East Africa. Both governments agreed on the danger of Communism and the need to keep a careful watch on alleged British plans for encirclement. There was also to be close co-operation between the two powers in Spain. The axis however was not a formal treaty and Mussolini was by no means committed to German alliance. Mussolini, on his visit to Berlin in September 1937, seemed more convinced than ever that Nazism was an invincible force in Europe and Italy had no choice but to ally herself with it. He thus distanced himself further from Britain and France, and joined with Japan and Germany in the Anti-Comitern pact on November. In 1938 Italys weakness was underlined by the fact that neither Shuschnigg nor Hitler bothered to contact Rome, when the Anshluss was signed. Mussolini also was powerless to back Schuschnigg in his attempt to renounce the ultimatum for the Anshluss. . Mussolini was to pay the price for his break with Britain and France in 1935. Mussolini therefore decided to retake Italys traditional policy of equidistance between the Western powers and Berlin. By the Munich agreement Musolini could effectively stop Hitler plunging Europe into war before he judged Italy to be ready for it. It was a considerable diplomatic succes for Musolini and was praised as the man who saved the world. However, Italys policy of equidistance did not last for long. Since Mussolini decided a full military alliance with Germany, since he considered than a German alliance was intended to be more an instrument of diplomatic pressure than a prelude to war. Mussolinis Foreign policy was therefore inconsistent in the sense that Mussolini not only switched his ideas rather frequently (aiming first to align with the Four powers, and then switching to establish closer relations with Germany, and at the end again with Britain and France), but as well in terms of its degree of aggressiveness, since through the 1920s Mussolinis foreign policy can be said to had been quite peaceful (foreign affairs were mainly solved through Treaties and Agreements), switching in the 1930s to a more aggressive foreign policy with the advent of Hitler. Between the 1930s and 1940s he used war mongering (e.g. The Spanish Civil War, the Abyssinian incident, and the Corfu incident).